初三英語語法《被動(dòng)語態(tài)》

　　在日常的學(xué)習(xí)中，大家最不陌生的就是知識(shí)點(diǎn)吧！知識(shí)點(diǎn)也可以理解為考試時(shí)會(huì)涉及到的知識(shí)，也就是大綱的分支。相信很多人都在為知識(shí)點(diǎn)發(fā)愁，以下是小編幫大家整理的初三英語語法《被動(dòng)語態(tài)》，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。

　　1、英語有兩種語態(tài)：

　　主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　�。�1）主動(dòng)語態(tài)(The Active Voice)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

　　（2）被動(dòng)語態(tài)(The Passive Voice)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。

　　2、構(gòu)成：

　　承受者+助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者。

　�。�1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：承受者+助動(dòng)詞am / is/are +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者

　　（2）一般過去時(shí)：承受者+助動(dòng)詞was / were +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者

　�。�3）承受者+助動(dòng)詞shall / will be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者

　�。�4）承受者+助動(dòng)詞 have/ has been+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者

　�。�5）承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者

　　3、被動(dòng)語態(tài)用法：

　�。�1）當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰，或者沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，需用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　�。�2）當(dāng)我們需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　�。�3）如果需要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 用by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

　　主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。

　　4、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)有以下幾種情況：

　　（1）主語+謂語動(dòng)詞+賓語。

　　將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。

　�、�(主動(dòng))We bought a book yesterday.

　　②(被動(dòng))The book was bought yesterday.

　�。�2）主語+謂語動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。

　　將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。多數(shù)情況下將間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。如果直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時(shí)，間接賓語前要加介詞to / for。

　�、�(主動(dòng))He showed me a book yesterday.

　�、�(被動(dòng))I was showed a book yesterday.

　　(被動(dòng))The book was showed to me yesterday.

　�。�3）主語+謂語動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語。

　　含有一個(gè)由賓語加賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語保留不變，成為主語補(bǔ)足語。

　　①(主動(dòng))I found him a good pupil. (賓語補(bǔ)足語)

　�、�(被動(dòng))He was found a good pupil. (主語補(bǔ)足語)

　�。�4）短語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)。

　　有些短語動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，其后可以接賓語，因此它們也有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但短語動(dòng)詞是不可分割的整體，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不可去掉其后面的介詞或副詞。

　�、�(主動(dòng))We should look after the patients very well.

　�、�(被動(dòng))The patients should be looked after very well by us.

　�。�5）賓語從句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)。

　　若主動(dòng)語態(tài)中是賓語從句，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在后面。

　　It’s said that he passed the exam.

　　被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)特殊問題：

　�、俨患拔飫�(dòng)詞帶介詞和介詞賓語，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，仍然要帶上介詞。

　　(主動(dòng))The students in class listen to the teacher carefully.

　　(被動(dòng))The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.

　�、诋�(dāng)動(dòng)詞帶有復(fù)合賓語時(shí)，并且賓補(bǔ)是省去“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中應(yīng)加上“to”。

　　(主動(dòng))They make do all the work.

　　(被動(dòng))We were made to do all the work.

　　(主動(dòng))We often hear her sing English songs.

　　(被動(dòng))She is often heard to sing English songs.

　　(主動(dòng))I see him walk to school.

　　(被動(dòng))He is seen to walk to school.

　　被動(dòng)語態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)

　　語態(tài)(voice)

　　作為一個(gè)語法范疇，是表示主語和動(dòng)詞之間的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞行式。英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)(active voice)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(passive voice)。當(dāng)主語為動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者即施動(dòng)者時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)態(tài)；如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者即受動(dòng)者時(shí)，動(dòng)詞便用被動(dòng)態(tài)。例如：

　　(1) john helped peter.

　　(2) peter was helped by john.

　　句(1) helped是主動(dòng)態(tài)；句(2)was helped是被動(dòng)態(tài),可見主動(dòng)態(tài)是無標(biāo)記的，而被動(dòng)態(tài)是有標(biāo)記的。

　　構(gòu)成

　　被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be的時(shí)態(tài)之一和及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語態(tài)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，其時(shí)態(tài)變化通過助動(dòng)詞be的不同形式來體現(xiàn)。如：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為助動(dòng)詞am/is/are + 過去分詞；而一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為was/were + 過去分詞。本冊要掌握的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式有：

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are + 過去分詞

　　e.g. football is played all over the world.

　　i’m often asked to do this work.

　　我常常被派做這項(xiàng)工作。

　　一般過去時(shí)：was/were +過去分詞

　　e.g. the terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near xi’an.

　　they were discovered by workers in a field outside the city.

　　when was the building completed?

　　這座大樓什么時(shí)候建成的？

　　一般將來時(shí)：will (shall) + be +過去分詞

　　be going to + be + 過去分詞

　　e.g. the result of the exam will be known soon.

　　they are going to be given a difficult test.

　　一般過去將來時(shí)：should(would) be+過去分詞

　　e.g. the teacher said the results would be published soon.

　　he told me that the film would be shown the next week.

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are + being +過去分詞

　　e.g. the new airport is being built by a foreign company.

　　一家外國公司正在承建這座新機(jī)場。

　　the song is being sung by the girls now.

　　過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were being+過去分詞

　　e.g. the song was being sung by the girls when i got there.

　　the student was being criticized when i went into the

　　teacher’s office.

　　將來完成時(shí)：will have been+過去分詞

　　e.g. by the end of next term XX english words will

　　have been learned.

　　the building will have been built by next year.

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：has/have + bee n +過去分詞

　　e.g. all the tickets have been sold .

　　the book has been translated into many languages.

　　這本書已被譯成多種語言。

　　過去完成時(shí)：had been+過去分詞

　　e.g. forty schools had been visited by last year.

　　all the tickets had been sold out when i got to the cinema.

　　過去將來完成時(shí)：would have been+過去分詞

　　e.g. he said many words would have been learned by XX.

　　they promised that ten books would have been published

　　by the next month.

　　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過去分詞

　　e.g. this road must be mended.

　　the machine parts may be needed in our work.

　　工作中可能需要這些機(jī)器零部件。

　　動(dòng)詞不定式：to be + 過去分詞

　　e.g. i’m glad to be asked questions.

　　it is impossible for lost time to be made up.

　　失去的時(shí)間不可彌補(bǔ)。

　　主要用法

　　被動(dòng)態(tài)常用于下列幾種場合：

　　1．當(dāng)不知道或不必提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)（這時(shí)都不帶由by引起的短語）；

　　printing was introduced into europe from china.

　　印刷術(shù)是從中國引入歐洲的。

　　the airplane was made in u.s.

　　such books are written for children. 這種書是為兒童寫的。

　　2. 動(dòng)作的承受者是談話的中心（這時(shí)可帶有由by引起的短語）；

　　the song was composed by a student.

　　這首歌曲是一個(gè)學(xué)生譜寫的。

　　thousands of rivers are polluted in the country.

　　3. 出于禮貌措詞等原因而不愿說出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是誰。

　　you are requested to get here in time.

　　請您準(zhǔn)時(shí)來這兒。

　　帶行為主體的被動(dòng)態(tài)

　　行為主體就是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，即執(zhí)行動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作的人或物。在被動(dòng)句中，往往不提及行為主體；但當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，可用介詞by引出行為( by +主體行為主體),置于被動(dòng)態(tài)句的末尾，說明是什么人或物應(yīng)對有關(guān)事件負(fù)責(zé)。

　　e.g. the village was destroyed by a bomb.

　　這個(gè)村莊毀于炸彈。

　　the painting is very valuable. it was painted by van gogh.

　　這幅畫很值錢，它是梵高畫的。

　　其它用法補(bǔ)充

　　1.“it + 被動(dòng)語態(tài)+ that 從句”。表示謹(jǐn)慎或不太肯定的語氣。常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove 等。

　　e.g. it is said that prices will rise again this month.

　　據(jù)說本月物價(jià)還將上漲。

　　it is thought that about a million dogs are born each year.

　　據(jù)認(rèn)為每年約有一百條狗出生。

　　it is reported that all the passengers died in the crash.

　　據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)所有乘客在那次飛機(jī)墜毀中遇難。

　　it is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.

　　2. 用于通告標(biāo)題廣告等的被動(dòng)態(tài)往往省去助動(dòng)詞be。

　　e.g. no chinese spoken here.

　　shoes repaired.

　　famous painting stolen. 名畫被盜。

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