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考研英語(yǔ)有哪些重點(diǎn)的語(yǔ)法

時(shí)間:2021-12-05 17:45:40 報(bào)考指導(dǎo) 我要投稿

考研英語(yǔ)有哪些重點(diǎn)的語(yǔ)法

  考研英語(yǔ)完型、閱讀、翻譯及寫作都不開(kāi)語(yǔ)法知識(shí),語(yǔ)法是基礎(chǔ),考生一定要熟悉,且靈活的掌握。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)指南,歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。

考研英語(yǔ)有哪些重點(diǎn)的語(yǔ)法

  考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法小講:倒裝句

  英語(yǔ)的基本語(yǔ)序是“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”,這種語(yǔ)序稱為陳述句語(yǔ)序或自然語(yǔ)序(normal word order),如果把謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分置于主語(yǔ)之前,就稱為倒裝語(yǔ)序(inverted word order),當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)全部置于主語(yǔ)之前,稱為全部倒裝(full inversion);當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)一部分(如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)置于主語(yǔ)之前,稱為部分倒裝(partial inversion)。

  一、全部倒裝

  (一)there be句型

  有時(shí)一些表示存在意義的不及物動(dòng)詞也可用于該句型,如:stand, lie, exist, live, remain, appear, come, happen, occur, rise等。

  例句: Generally, there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. (選自2007年Use of English)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中a belief與that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states互為同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系,形容詞短語(yǔ)large enough to be...作定語(yǔ)修飾states。

  譯文: 他們普遍認(rèn)為新生的國(guó)家是擁有主權(quán)和完全獨(dú)立的國(guó)家,大到經(jīng)濟(jì)上可運(yùn)行良好,并由一套共同法律讓各個(gè)新的獨(dú)立國(guó)家聯(lián)合起來(lái)。

  例句: There stands a monument to Lin Zexu at the center of the square, which attracts a great many of visitors all the year round.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句which attracts a great many of...修飾a monument。

  譯文: 廣場(chǎng)中心矗立著林則徐紀(jì)念碑,每年吸引著成千上萬(wàn)的游客。

  (二)here, there等詞置于句首

  here, there, now, then, thus, hence置于句首而主語(yǔ)不是人稱代詞時(shí),主謂倒裝;如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞或非人稱代詞,主謂不倒裝。

  例句: It is so late, and now is the hour when we must say good?bye.

  分析: 該句是并列句。

  譯文: 太晚了,是該說(shuō)再見(jiàn)的時(shí)候了。

  例句: ——Where is the report of urban plan made by the committee?

  ——There it is.

  分析: 上下句同為簡(jiǎn)單句。

  譯文: ——委員會(huì)所做的城市規(guī)劃放哪兒了?

  ——在這里。

  例句: Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses? convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.

  (選自2002年Text 1)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,which I heard at a nurses? convention和which works well共同修飾story。

  譯文: 舉個(gè)例子,在一次護(hù)士大會(huì)上,我聽(tīng)到了一個(gè)效果很理想的幽默故事,因?yàn)槁?tīng)眾都對(duì)醫(yī)生持有相同的看法。

  (三)表示方向、地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)置于句首

  up, down, away, here, in, out, off等置于句首時(shí),需要全部倒裝。

  例句: Following the roar out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

  譯文: 一聲吼叫過(guò)后,一只猛虎從叢林中躥了出來(lái)。

  例句: In came a number of boys and girls talking and laughing.

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,talking and laughing在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

  譯文: 一群孩子邊說(shuō)邊笑走了進(jìn)來(lái)。

  (四)作表語(yǔ)的形容詞或分詞置于句首

  例句: Present at the press conference were director and general manager of the Shenzhen?based enterprise.

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

  譯文: 出席記者招待會(huì)的是總部設(shè)在深圳的企業(yè)董事長(zhǎng)和總經(jīng)理。

  例句: Lying unconsciously under the tree was an old man aged 75.

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,aged 75修飾an old man,作后置定語(yǔ)。

  譯文: 一位75歲高齡的老人躺在樹(shù)下,已經(jīng)不省人事。

  二、部分倒裝

  (一)否定詞或具有(半)否定意義的詞或詞組置于句首作狀語(yǔ)

  如:never, scarcely, hardly, rarely, seldom, little, no sooner...than, hardly...when,scarcely...when (before), not only, in no case (in no way, at no time, on no account, by no means,under no circumstances,in no respects)(決不,在任何情況下都不), no longer/no more (不再)。

  例句: Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. (2005年第46題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,and前是一復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句by which...修飾the means,后一分句中never置于句首引起倒裝。

  譯文: 電視是制造和表達(dá)這些情緒的方式之一,在加強(qiáng)不同民族和國(guó)家之間的聯(lián)系方面,電視也許還從來(lái)沒(méi)有像在歐洲事務(wù)中那樣起過(guò)如此大的作用。

  例句: Not only is there a wide range of prices for goods in America, there is also a wide range in the quality of goods offered for sale.

  分析: 該句是并列句。

  譯文: 美國(guó)商品不僅價(jià)格變化很大,而且供出售的商品質(zhì)量也有很大不同。

  例句: Under no circumstance should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of both the people and the state.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句that will benefit...both and the state修飾anything, under no circumstance置于句首引起倒裝。

  譯文: 在任何情況下,我們都不應(yīng)只為了自己的利益而不惜損害祖國(guó)和人民的利益。 (二)only+副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)從句(句首狀語(yǔ)由only修飾)

  例句: Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. (選自2004年P(guān)art B)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that were very different from their own是修飾languages的定語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 直到最近,語(yǔ)言學(xué)家才開(kāi)始認(rèn)真研究與他們自己所掌握的完全不同的語(yǔ)言。

  例句: Only when you have been absorbed in the study can you reach an idea whether it is impossible or not to complete it on time.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,an idea與whether it is impossible or not to complete it on time是同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系,only置于狀語(yǔ)從句之前引起倒裝。

  譯文: 只有當(dāng)你全身心投入該研究中時(shí),你才能得知能否按時(shí)完成。

  例句: Only gradually was the by?product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.

  (2009年第47題)

  分析: 該句是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列簡(jiǎn)單句,兩個(gè)分句都是以only開(kāi)頭的倒裝句,在前一分句中,主干部分是the by?product of the institution was noted, only gradually修飾noted;在后一分句中,主干是this effect was considered..., 其中only more gradually修飾considered, as a directive factor作主語(yǔ)this effect的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)in the conduct of the institution作directive factor的后置定語(yǔ)。

  譯文: 人們只是逐漸地認(rèn)識(shí)到制度這一副產(chǎn)品,而在運(yùn)行這種制度的過(guò)程中,認(rèn)識(shí)到這種效果具有指導(dǎo)性作用的時(shí)間則更加緩慢。

  (三)條件從句中省略if

  在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,條件從句if省略時(shí),倒裝到主語(yǔ)前的是助動(dòng)詞should, had和系動(dòng)詞were。

  例句: Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could dramatically transform a family?run enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers. (1999年第13題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,were the Times Co. to purchase是一省略if的倒裝句,that it could dramatically...enterprise是doubt的同位語(yǔ),而that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers是修飾enterprise的定語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 如果時(shí)代公司要收購(gòu)另一家主流媒體公司的話,那仍舊靠報(bào)紙獲得90%收入的家族式企業(yè)的模式肯定會(huì)遭到它大刀闊斧的改革。

  例句: Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. (1998年第10題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,had it not been...是一個(gè)省略if的倒裝從句,整個(gè)句子表示混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣,主句表示與現(xiàn)在相反假設(shè),從句表示與過(guò)去相反假設(shè)。

  譯文: 要不是公眾及時(shí)投資,我們公司不會(huì)像現(xiàn)在這么繁榮。

  (四)其他部分倒裝情況

  表示前面陳述的情況適合于后者,前面是肯定句,后面用so引導(dǎo);前面是否定句,后面用neither或nor引導(dǎo),省略倒裝句中的助動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)形式上與前面句子保持一致。

  例句: Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday?s “baby boom” generation reached its child?bearing years.

  (選自1998年Text 4)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,as引導(dǎo)一原因狀語(yǔ)從句,and so did...是省略了相同成分的倒裝句。

  譯文: 接連不斷的移民潮,還有當(dāng)年“生育高峰”時(shí)期出生的孩子已經(jīng)到了生育年齡,這些因素也起了作用。

  例句: Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. (選自2005年Text 4)

  分析: 該句是由nor引導(dǎo)的并列句。whether in speech or in writing的完整形式是whether they are in speech or in writing,表示讓步;介詞短語(yǔ)with skill and gift在句中作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞command。

  譯文: 美國(guó)人不再期望公眾人物在演講或?qū)懽鲿r(shí)可以嫻熟地運(yùn)用技巧和文采來(lái)掌握英語(yǔ),而人們本身也不這樣要求自己。

  (五)so...that結(jié)構(gòu)

  so...that結(jié)構(gòu)中,“so+狀語(yǔ)”位于句首表強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),使用倒裝。

  例句: So much does he worry about his parents that he can?t sleep well at night.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that he can?t sleep well at night是一結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,so much置于句首引起倒裝。

  譯文: 他特別擔(dān)心父母,以至于晚上難以入睡。

  例句: So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

  (2001年第6題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that leaders at summer computer camps...是一結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,so involved with...置于句首引起倒裝。

  譯文: 孩子們對(duì)電腦如此著迷,以至于電腦夏令營(yíng)的組織者們不得不強(qiáng)迫他們停下來(lái)做一些體育運(yùn)動(dòng)和游戲。(六)not until置于句首

  not until置于句首時(shí),連詞until引導(dǎo)的從句主謂不倒裝,但主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)必須倒裝。

  例句: Not until you return those books to the library immediately will you have to pay a fine.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。由于not until置于句首,主句will you have to pay a fine是一倒裝句。

  譯文: 只有及時(shí)還書給圖書館,你才不會(huì)受罰。

  例句: Not until an infant hedgehog open its eyes does it leave its nest to follow its mother about.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

  譯文: 小刺猬一睜開(kāi)眼就離開(kāi)洞穴,步步不離地跟在媽媽周圍。

  (七)下列幾類副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)置于句首表強(qiáng)調(diào)

  頻度副詞:often, always, many a time, every day, now and then等;

  方式副詞:gladly, sadly, well, with every justification,with good reason等;

  表程度的副詞或介詞短語(yǔ):especially, to such length(s), to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes。

  例句: With every justification did he explain his fault in the exam held by school.

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,with every justification置于句首引起倒裝。

  譯文: 他以種種借口解釋他在學(xué)校舉行的考試中所犯的錯(cuò)誤。

  例句: To such a degree did he go on with his tedious speech that some of us began to yawn.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that some of us began to yawn是一結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 他如此滔滔不絕地進(jìn)行那冗長(zhǎng)的演講,以至于我們中間有些人都開(kāi)始哈欠連天。

  (八)as, though, no matter how, however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

  as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句型為:名詞(前不加a或an)/形容詞/副詞+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ),該結(jié)構(gòu)可用(al)though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)替換,譯為“雖然”或“盡管”。

  例句: Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中從句much as I have traveled是一倒裝句,短語(yǔ)“equal sb. in sth.”意為“在某方面與他人旗鼓相當(dāng)”。

  譯文: 雖然我常旅行,但我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)任何人于任何工作能像她那樣一絲不茍。

  例句: Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary?particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (1998年第75題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,odd though it sounds是一倒裝句,其中it指代cosmic inflation,介詞短語(yǔ)in elementary?particle physics修飾ideas,that it is true在句中作convinced的賓語(yǔ),另一介詞短語(yǔ)for the better part of a decade作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間。

  譯文: 宇宙膨脹說(shuō)雖然聽(tīng)似奇特,但它還是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看來(lái)可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家十年來(lái)一直認(rèn)為這一論說(shuō)是正確的。

  (九)be+主語(yǔ)+其他(若其他是單數(shù)名詞作賓語(yǔ),則名詞前不接不定冠詞a/an)

  這是一開(kāi)放式條件狀語(yǔ)從句,屬于特殊倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示泛指。該結(jié)構(gòu)可用whether...or結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換,同時(shí)單數(shù)名詞前的不定冠詞保持不變,可譯為“不管是……”。

  例句: Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. (2001年第10題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,be they...是一倒裝句,相當(dāng)于whether they are...。

  譯文: 我們所使用的教堂一詞,指的是所有的宗教機(jī)構(gòu),不管它們是基督教、伊斯蘭教、佛教或猶太教等。

  例句: In an urban society in which highly structured, fast?paced and stressful work looms large in life, experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird watching, can lead to self?renewal and a more “balanced” way of life.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為experiences of a different nature can lead to self?renewal and a more ..., 定語(yǔ)從句in which...looms large in life修飾society,短語(yǔ)loom large意為 “(赫然出現(xiàn))壓在心頭,威脅著,籠罩著”。

  譯文: 在城市社會(huì)中,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密、步調(diào)迅速、充滿壓力的工作籠罩著人們的生活,某種不同性質(zhì)的經(jīng)歷,不管是看電視還是觀鳥(niǎo),都能帶來(lái)自我更新和一種“平衡的”生活方式。

  考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn):否定句

  一、用否定詞表示否定結(jié)構(gòu)

  常用的否定詞有not, no, never, none, nothing, nobody, nowhere, neither, nor, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, rarely, little, few等,否定詞置于句首時(shí),句子要倒裝,但否定的名詞詞組或代詞作主語(yǔ)放在句首時(shí),則不需要倒裝。

  例句: Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. (選自1998年Text 4)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,nowhere置于句首引起倒裝。原句為:1980 Census statistics dramatize the American search for spacious living in nowhere more than the Far West.

  譯文: 1980年人口普查的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字淋漓盡致地表明,沒(méi)有哪個(gè)地方比美國(guó)最西部更能凸顯美國(guó)人想找尋更廣闊的生存空間。

  例句: Not everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless.

  (選自2006年Use of English)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,who are homeless是修飾Americans的定語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 人們對(duì)美國(guó)無(wú)家可歸者的人數(shù)并不能達(dá)成共識(shí)。

  例句: Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow?belt, census officials says.(選自1998年Text 4)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

  譯文: 人口普查官員說(shuō),并不是所有的遷移都是因?yàn)槿藗兿氚岢龊畮У貐^(qū)。

  二、一般否定(也稱全部否定)

  在否定句中用表示全部否定的詞,如never, neither, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere是對(duì)事實(shí)的全部否定。

  例句: Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be nowhere near what is needed.

  (1997年第5題)

  分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,but前是一簡(jiǎn)單句。

  譯文: 聯(lián)合國(guó)將提供幫助,但這一幫助距所需要的數(shù)額還相差很遠(yuǎn)。

  例句: Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today?s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation.

  (選自2006年Text 1)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,分詞短語(yǔ)writing for...在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于when he writes for...。

  譯文: 羅得里格斯在寫給國(guó)家移民論壇的一篇文章中提到,今天的移民既不像以前那樣大規(guī)模的涌入,也不會(huì)拒絕融合。

  三、部分否定

  否定詞not與表示全部概念的詞如all, both, everybody, everything連用,不否定全句,而是否定句中某一部分,表示“不全是”、“不都是”、“并非”,也可與always, many, much, often連用。

  例句: Yet not all of these races are intellectually inferior to the European races, and some may even have freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race. (1998年第17題)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that can renew...是一個(gè)修飾freshness and vitality的定語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 但是,在智力方面這些種族并不一定低于歐洲種族,而且有一些使較先進(jìn)的種族恢復(fù)能量的清新力量與活力。

  例句: It is not always easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history.

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to talk about the role of...。

  譯文: 談?wù)摯蟊娒襟w在歐洲歷史上這個(gè)具有非凡意義的階段所發(fā)揮的作用并不總是一件易事。

  例句: Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Adeline Alvarez describes. (選自2008年Text 1)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中Adeline Alvarez describes是一個(gè)修飾stresses的定語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 并不是人人都經(jīng)歷過(guò)阿爾瓦雷斯女士所描述的那種長(zhǎng)期的高壓。

  四、轉(zhuǎn)移否定

  在主從復(fù)合句中,否定詞形式上否定主句謂語(yǔ),其實(shí)否定從句謂語(yǔ),在動(dòng)詞believe, think, suppose, expect, assume, feel, guess, imagine等前加not是否定其所引導(dǎo)從句的謂語(yǔ)。

  例句: I don?t think it advisable that he(should) be assigned to the job since he has no experience whatsoever.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,it是形式賓語(yǔ),真正的賓語(yǔ)是that he(should) be assigned to the job。

  譯文: 我認(rèn)為派他做這項(xiàng)工作不明智,因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有任何經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

  例句: I don?t suppose that anyone will object to my leaving for Beijing.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that后是suppose的賓語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 我認(rèn)為沒(méi)人會(huì)反對(duì)我去北京。

  五、持續(xù)否定

  在同一個(gè)句子中重復(fù)使用同一否定詞,也可用不同否定詞來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,這種情況就是持續(xù)否定。

  例句 : The problem is very difficult and obscure: health?care costs have not been, aren?t, and won?t continue to increase faster than government revenues.

  分析: 該句是并列句。

  譯文: 問(wèn)題晦澀難懂,那就是在過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)健康福利的支出都不會(huì)比政府稅收增加得快。

  六、省略否定

  在上下文環(huán)境中,否定結(jié)構(gòu)可用省略的形式。

  例句: ——Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.

  ——I hope not. (選自2007年P(guān)art C)

  分析: 上一分句為簡(jiǎn)單句,下一分句為省略相同成分的簡(jiǎn)單句。

  譯文: ——父母可以為他們的孩子做許多事情來(lái)保障他們?cè)诓饺氤赡昵坝幸粋(gè)安全的環(huán)境。

  ——我并不希望如此。

  七、轉(zhuǎn)換否定

  英語(yǔ)中有些句子形式上是肯定而實(shí)際上表示否定含義,也有些句子形式上是否定而實(shí)際上表示肯定含義。

  例句: Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply.

  分析: 該句為復(fù)合句,其中can?t be too后接形容詞意為“越……越好,再……也不過(guò)分”,本句中cannot realize too soon同為此結(jié)構(gòu),另外not nearly意為“遠(yuǎn)不”。

  譯文: 年輕科學(xué)家應(yīng)盡快認(rèn)識(shí)到現(xiàn)有的科學(xué)知識(shí)遠(yuǎn)不像許多教科書中所描述的那樣全面,那樣肯定,那樣一成不變。

  例句: Copernicus showed that—far from being the center of the universe, about which the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars revolved in clockwise homage—the Earth is just one of many small worlds.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為Copernicus showed that the Earth is just one of many small worlds,形容詞短語(yǔ)far from being...是賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)the Earth的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)情況;定語(yǔ)從句about which...修飾the center of the universe。

  譯文: 哥白尼證明地球根本不是太陽(yáng)、月亮及其他行星和星球按順時(shí)針?lè)较蚶@其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的宇宙中心,它只不過(guò)是許多小小世界當(dāng)中的一個(gè)而已。

  八、重復(fù)否定

  重復(fù)否定不同于雙重否定,它是在不同時(shí)間內(nèi),從句或主句中作同一否定。

  例句: The expression in his eyes was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the sentiments she had been prepared for.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中定語(yǔ)從句she had been prepared for修飾the sentiments。

  譯文: 他的表情既不是憤怒,也不是驚訝,又不是不滿,更不是厭惡,不是她所預(yù)料的任何一種表情。

  下列情況也是表示重復(fù)否定,意為“更不用說(shuō),更談不到,更提不上,休說(shuō),莫談,哪里,何況”,后接名詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式等。

  (一)much less/still less/even less用于否定句

  例句: Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on the golf course while they develop a sense of trust and rapport.

  分析: 該句包含while引導(dǎo)的并列句,其中much less置于句首引起倒裝。

  譯文: 一般情況下,美國(guó)人不會(huì)在這種輕松的環(huán)境中通過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的閑聊來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)他們的來(lái)訪者,更不通過(guò)把來(lái)訪者帶到外面吃飯或去高爾夫球場(chǎng)來(lái)建立信任和融洽的關(guān)系。

  (二)much more/still more/even more用于肯定句

  例句: He could solve much more difficult questions, still more simple ones.

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

  譯文: 他連再難的問(wèn)題都能解決,更別說(shuō)這些簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題了。

  例句: We are ready to give our lives for our motherland, much more to suffer some hardships.

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

  譯文: 為了祖國(guó)我們隨時(shí)貢獻(xiàn)我們的生命,更不必說(shuō)吃點(diǎn)苦了。

  (三)let alone適用于肯定句或否定句

  例句: For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. (1997年第38題)

  分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,介詞短語(yǔ)for the new...在句中作狀語(yǔ)表目的。

  譯文: 一個(gè)新興國(guó)家要生存,就必須制定新的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,更不用說(shuō)如何使一個(gè)國(guó)家的人民享受繁榮了。

  例句: Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone gotten one. (2000年第10題)

  分析: 該句為復(fù)合句,其中had they even thought of a divorce是省略if的倒裝句,整句是表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反假設(shè)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

  譯文: 幾年前,政客們只要是有離婚的念頭,就會(huì)在競(jìng)選中失敗,更不用說(shuō)真的離婚了。

  例句: While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. (選自2009年Text 4)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,句子主干是it is obvious that..., 其中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是that從句,while引導(dǎo)一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句, let alone dependents and servants作插入語(yǔ),to be analyzed作literary compositions的后置定語(yǔ)。

  譯文: 盡管很少數(shù)的`手工藝者或農(nóng)民(更不用說(shuō)家屬和仆人)留下文學(xué)作品供我們分析研究,但是很明顯他們的觀點(diǎn)并不完全具有學(xué)術(shù)性。

  九、雙重否定

  雙重否定即否定之否定。如果一句話中有兩個(gè)否定詞,而且從意義上互相抵消,則構(gòu)成雙重否定。

  例句: There exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.(選自2005年Text 4)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that cannot convey complex ideas是修飾language or dialect的定語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 世界上沒(méi)有表達(dá)不了復(fù)雜思想的語(yǔ)言和方言。

  例句: It was not for nothing that I discussed the matter with Mr. Liu for two hours.

  分析: 該句為復(fù)合句。

  譯文: 我與劉先生就此事討論了兩個(gè)小時(shí),并不是毫無(wú)結(jié)果。

  考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn):強(qiáng)調(diào)句

  一、在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加助動(dòng)詞do, did, does強(qiáng)調(diào)該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句

  例句: The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel?s report “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. ”(選自2005年Text 2)

  分析: 引號(hào)內(nèi)由兩個(gè)句子組成, but前一分句是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,后一分句為兩個(gè)并列句,其中第一個(gè)分句中的does表強(qiáng)調(diào),第二個(gè)并列句為一復(fù)合句,真正的主語(yǔ)為that our nation and the world base important policies on..., it為形式主語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)從句that science can provide concerning the future...修飾judgment。

  譯文: 國(guó)家科學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)布魯斯·艾伯茨在會(huì)議報(bào)告的前言中補(bǔ)充和強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一點(diǎn),即科學(xué)解答不了所有的問(wèn)題,但科學(xué)的確能給我們提供將來(lái)可行的最好的指導(dǎo),關(guān)鍵是我們國(guó)家和其他各國(guó)在做重要決策時(shí)應(yīng)該以科學(xué)能夠提供給我們的、對(duì)于人類現(xiàn)在的行為對(duì)未來(lái)影響的最好的判斷作為依據(jù)。

  二、強(qiáng)調(diào)句中謂語(yǔ)以外的其他成分時(shí)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型(見(jiàn)詞類中it用法)

  例句: Often it?s the delivery that causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a lighthearted remark. (選自2002年Text 1)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句it?s the delivery that causes the audience to smile是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look和that you are making a light hearted remark分別作remember以及show的賓語(yǔ), light?hearted是一個(gè)復(fù)合形容詞修飾remark。

  譯文: 這是一種經(jīng)常使聽(tīng)眾發(fā)笑的講述方法,所以,講得慢一些,記住揚(yáng)一揚(yáng)眉,或一副不相信的表情可以有助于表現(xiàn)出你正在做一場(chǎng)輕松愉快的評(píng)論。

  例句: It is the playgoers, the RSC(Royal Shakespeare Company) contends, who bring in much of the town?s revenue because they spend the night(some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.(選自2006年Text 2)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,the RSC contends是插入語(yǔ),it is the playgoers who bring in much of the town?s revenue是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,because后是原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文: 皇家莎士比亞公司堅(jiān)持說(shuō),正是這些票友給鎮(zhèn)上帶來(lái)了豐厚的收入,因?yàn)樗麄円诖诉^(guò)夜(有些人會(huì)逗留四五天),自然也就將錢大把地花在酒店和餐館里。

  三、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型it was not until...that...

  強(qiáng)調(diào)表示時(shí)間的名詞或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),常用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型it was not until...that..., 意為“直到……才……”。

  例句: As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre?electronic medium, following in the wake of the book and in the company of the periodical. (選自2002年Use of English)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,as指代it was not until the 19th century that...整個(gè)內(nèi)容,分詞短語(yǔ)following in...在句中作the newspaper的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

  譯文: 正如前面所討論的,直到19世紀(jì)繼書本、小冊(cè)子的使用之后,與期刊一起,報(bào)紙成為前電子時(shí)代最重要的媒介。

  例句: It was not until in 1971 that he was allowed to go back to his country.

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

  譯文: 直到1971年他才被允許返回自己的祖國(guó)。

  四、用so表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

  用so強(qiáng)調(diào)聽(tīng)者同意說(shuō)者所說(shuō)的話,這種強(qiáng)調(diào)是將so提到句前,其他成分位置不變,常省略相同的部分。

  例句: Witness payments became an issue after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. (選自2001年Cloze Test)

  分析: 本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。

  譯文: 自1995年韋斯特被判處10次終身監(jiān)禁之后,向證人付款成為一個(gè)人們關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。

  五、用wh?詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

  例句: But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.(選自2006年Text 4)

  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,what we forget和what our economy depends on us forgetting在句中作主語(yǔ)。

  譯文: 我們所忘記的——我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)希望我們忘卻的是:幸福遠(yuǎn)不止是沒(méi)有痛苦的快樂(lè)。

  例句: There has to be coordination of programs. What we need is a package deal.

  分析: 前句是一簡(jiǎn)單句,后句是一復(fù)合句。

  譯文: 應(yīng)該有一個(gè)項(xiàng)目上的相互協(xié)調(diào),我們需要的是一系列的解決方案。

  六、用反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

  例句: The authors of the United States Constitution themselves attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving autonomy for the states and liberty for individuals.

  分析: 該句是并列句。

  譯文: 美國(guó)憲法的起草者們?cè)噲D在建立一個(gè)有效的國(guó)家政府的同時(shí),保持各州的自制權(quán)和個(gè)人自由。


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