發(fā)育生物學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)題
選擇題：
1.What is epigenesis(漸成論)? d
a) The belief that a mutant organism is already present in miniature in the embryo.
b) The theory that early development is controlled by the zygote’s genes.
c) The theory that early development is controlled by the maternal genes.
d) The process by which the mature organism is produced gradually from an essential formless embryo. 何為后生（漸成論）？
一）認(rèn)為突變生物體是已經(jīng)存在于微型在胚胎。
二）該理論認(rèn)為，早期的發(fā)展是由受精卵的基因控制的。
三）該理論認(rèn)為，早期的發(fā)展是由母體基因控制的。
d）使該成熟生物體從一個(gè)基本無定形胚逐漸產(chǎn)生的過程。
2. What is apoptosis? b
a) An experimental technique that biologists use to kill specific cell.
b) Programmed cell death that is required for normal development.
c) A pathological condition observed only in damaged or diseased organism.
d) A developmental mechanism unique to the roundworm C.elegans.
一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)性的技術(shù)，生物學(xué)家用來殺死特定的細(xì)胞。
B）編程所需的正常發(fā)育的細(xì)胞死亡。
c）在病理狀態(tài)中受損或患病的機(jī)體只有觀察。
D）獨(dú)有的蛔蟲線蟲，一個(gè)致力于發(fā)展機(jī)制。
3. What is the function of stem cells in adult mammals? c
a) Some of their daughter cells remain as stem cells and continue to divide throughout
life.
b) The give rise to hair, fingernails, and other structures that grow throughout life.
c) The produced cells that differentiate to replace dead or damaged cells.
d) The produced compounds that stem blood loss from wounds.
。什么是干細(xì)胞在成年哺乳動(dòng)物的功能？
一）他們的一些子細(xì)胞仍然是干細(xì)胞，并繼續(xù)在整個(gè)生命來劃分。
二）引起的頭發(fā)，指甲，以及整個(gè)人生發(fā)展的其他結(jié)構(gòu)。
三）生產(chǎn)的細(xì)胞分化代替死亡或受損的細(xì)胞。
四）生產(chǎn)的化合物，源于創(chuàng)傷失血。
4. What are regulatory cascades in development also referred to as networks? c
a) Each transcription factor and signal in the cascade has limited life span.
b) Signals as well as transcription factors are involved in the cascade.
c) The cascade is not linear-within and between levels in the cascade, various gene
products interact to form network.
d) Each step in the cascade takes time, so the steps in the cascade are sequential.
4.什么是監(jiān)管級(jí)聯(lián)的發(fā)展也被稱為網(wǎng)絡(luò)？
a）在該級(jí)聯(lián)的每個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子和信號(hào)具有有限的壽命。
二）信號(hào)以及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與了級(jí)聯(lián)。
三）級(jí)聯(lián)是不是線性內(nèi)并在級(jí)聯(lián)級(jí)之間，各個(gè)基因產(chǎn)物相互作用形成網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
d）在級(jí)聯(lián)的每個(gè)步驟需要時(shí)間，所以在級(jí)聯(lián)中的步驟是順序。
5. What is a homeotic mutant? b
a) An individual with an abnormal head-to-tail axis.
b) An individual with a structure located in the wrong place.
c) An individual with double the normal number of structures or segments.
d) In flies, an individual that is missing segments; in Arabidopsis, an individual that is
missing a hypocotyls or other embryonic structure.
什么是同源的突變？
一）具有異常的頭 - 尾軸的個(gè)人。
b）在位于錯(cuò)了地方的結(jié)構(gòu)的個(gè)人。
c）與結(jié)構(gòu)或部分的正常數(shù)量的一倍的個(gè)人。
d）在果蠅，即缺少部分的個(gè)人;在擬南芥，即缺少胚軸或其它胚胎結(jié)構(gòu)的個(gè)體。
6. What happens during the acrosome reaction? c
a) Bindin(結(jié)合素) binds to the egg-cell receptor for sperm.
b) The sperm- and egg-cell membranes fuse.
c) Enzymes that digest the egg jelly layer are released, and microfilaments in the tip of
the sperm head polymerize to form a protrusion.
d) The centriole released from the sperm orients microtubules in the fertilized egg and
causes the cortical cytoplasm to rotate-creating gray cresent.
6.頂體反應(yīng)過程中會(huì)發(fā)生什么情況？
一）結(jié)合蛋白（結(jié)合素）結(jié)合到蛋細(xì)胞受體對(duì)精子。
二）sperm-和雞蛋細(xì)胞膜融合。
三）酶消化蛋果凍層被釋放，并在精子頭部的前端微絲聚合形成的突起。
d）與精子釋放的中心粒定向在受精卵的微管，并且使皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)旋轉(zhuǎn)創(chuàng)造灰色cresent。
7. What happens during gastrulation? c
a) The neural tube-precursor to the spinal cord and brain-forms.
b) Basal and apical cells form, which are the precursor to the suspensor and embryo,
respectively.
c) Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organizer the
three embryonic tissues.
d) The fertilized egg divides without growth occurring, forming a ball of cells.
7.原腸胚形成過程中會(huì)發(fā)生什么情況？
一）神經(jīng)管前驅(qū)物至脊髓和腦的形式。
二）基礎(chǔ)和根尖細(xì)胞的形成，這是先導(dǎo)，以柄和胚胎分別。
三）細(xì)胞的大規(guī)模運(yùn)動(dòng)做出的主要機(jī)構(gòu)軸可見和組織者三個(gè)胚胎組織。
四）受精卵分裂沒有出現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)，形成細(xì)胞的一個(gè)球。
8. In animals , which adult tissues and organs are derived from ectoderm? b
a) Lining of the digestive tract and associated organs.
b) Nerve cells and skin.
c) Blood, heart, kidney, bone, and muscle.
d) Blastopore and blastocoel.
8.在動(dòng)物中，其中成人組織和器官從外胚層衍生？
一個(gè)）的消化道和相關(guān)器官的`襯砌。
二）的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和皮膚。
三）血液，心臟，腎臟，骨骼和肌肉。
D）胚和囊胚。
9. What term describes the mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop fromunfertilized eggs? B A
a) Parthenogenesis b) Budding c) Regeneration d)Fission
9.什么術(shù)語描述無性繁殖的方式，其中從后代未受精的卵子發(fā)展？
一）單性生殖二）萌芽三）再生四）裂變
10. What does it mean to say that differentiation is “progressive”? c
a) Differentiation gets more efficient over time.
b) Differentiation gets more complex over time
c) Cell become increasingly more specialized over time.
d) Differentiation is triggered by master regulators.
10.什么意思說，差異化是“進(jìn)步”？
一）分化得到隨著時(shí)間的推移更加高效。
二）分化得到隨著時(shí)間的推移更加復(fù)雜
三）細(xì)胞變得越來越專業(yè)化隨著時(shí)間的推移。
D）差異是由主監(jiān)管觸發(fā)。
11. What is a fate map? b
a) A description of an individual organism’s fate.
b) A description of the fate of each embryonic region or cell.
c) A list of cell fates that is possible only in animal embryos.
d) A list of cell fates that is possible only in tunicate embryos.
1.什么是緣分地圖？
a）任何個(gè)人生物體的命運(yùn)的描述。
二）每個(gè)胚胎區(qū)域或細(xì)胞的命運(yùn)的描述。
細(xì)胞命運(yùn)的可能只存在于動(dòng)物胚胎三）名單。
細(xì)胞命運(yùn)這是可能只有在被囊動(dòng)物胚胎d）一個(gè)列表。
12. Which of the following stages of development is defined by the three embryonic tissue layers(ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)? a
a) The gastrula b)The zygote c)The morula d) The blastula
12.哪發(fā)展的以下階段是由三個(gè)胚胎組織層（外胚層，中胚層和內(nèi)胚層）中所定義？
一）原腸胚二）合子三）桑椹四）囊胚
13.What happens during cleavage? c
a) The neural tube-precursor of the spinal cord and brain-forms.
b) Basal and apical cells-precursor of the suspensor and embryo.
c) The fertilized egg divided without growth occurring forming a mass of cell.
d) Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organize the three embryonic tissues.
裂解過程中發(fā)生了喜歡吃點(diǎn)什么？
一）神經(jīng)管前驅(qū)脊髓和腦的形式。
二）基礎(chǔ)和根尖細(xì)胞前體的柄和胚胎。
三）受精卵分裂沒有出現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)形成了大規(guī)模細(xì)胞。
D）細(xì)胞的大規(guī)模運(yùn)動(dòng)做出的主要機(jī)構(gòu)軸可見，組織三個(gè)胚胎組織。
14. Why are in situ hybridization such a valuable tool for studying development? B A
a) They identify the location of specific mRNAs, and so provide a picture of differential gene expression.
b) They allow researchers to understand how cell-cell signals and regulatory transcription factors interact.
c) They provide data on homology-the presence of similar genes in different species.
d) They can be done with RNA or DNA probes.
14.為什么原位雜交研究開發(fā)這樣一個(gè)寶貴的工具？
一）它們識(shí)別特定的mRNAs的位置，所以提供差異基因表達(dá)的照片。
b）它們?cè)试S研究人員了解細(xì)胞間的信號(hào)和調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子相互作用。
c）它們提供了在不同的物種相似的基因同源性，存在的數(shù)據(jù)。
四）它們可以與RNA或DNA探針來完成。
15. What is a cadherin(鈣粘蛋白)? C
a) A glycoprotein found in the zona pelluciada of mammal eggs.
b) A molecule secreted by the organizer that induces changes in target cells.
c) A cell-adhesion protein found on the surface of animal cells.
d) A cytoplasmic determinatant found in the cortical cytoplasm of frog eggs.
15.什么是鈣粘蛋白（鈣粘蛋白）？
一）在哺乳動(dòng)物卵透明帶pelluciada發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種糖蛋白。
b）在誘導(dǎo)改變靶細(xì)胞的分泌主辦方的分子。
三）的動(dòng)物細(xì)胞的表面上的細(xì)胞粘附蛋白發(fā)現(xiàn)。
d）一個(gè)細(xì)胞質(zhì)determinatant在蛙卵的細(xì)胞質(zhì)皮質(zhì)發(fā)現(xiàn)。
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