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武大碩士英語(yǔ)讀思研英譯漢重點(diǎn)句子

武大碩士英語(yǔ)讀思研英譯漢重點(diǎn)句子 | 樓主 | 2017-07-09 20:49:13 共有1個(gè)回復(fù)
  1. 1武大碩士英語(yǔ)讀思研英譯漢重點(diǎn)句子

其結(jié)果可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病的發(fā)生此時(shí)身體必須要休息和恢復(fù),我推薦一種瓦罐煨湯式的方法,單靠鼓勵(lì)物力資本投資來(lái)提高內(nèi)地生產(chǎn)力的政策是不均衡的,何況性別作為又一考慮因素而加入其中就更加具有挑戰(zhàn)性了。

武大碩士英語(yǔ)讀思研英譯漢重點(diǎn)句子2017-07-09 20:48:46 | #1樓回目錄

第一課:

1.所有的人都會(huì)生兒育女,組成家庭或社會(huì),發(fā)展一種語(yǔ)言以及適應(yīng)他們周圍環(huán)境的這種傾向特別具有欺騙性,因?yàn)樗鼛?lái)了一種期望,這種期望就是這些行為的形式以及圍繞這些行動(dòng)的態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀念將是相似的。(段二倒6排)

Thetendencyforallpeopletoreproduce,groupintofamiliesorsocieties,developalanguage,andadapttotheirenvironmentisparticularlydeceivingbecauseitleadstotheexpectationthattheformsofthesebehaviorsandtheattitudesandvaluessurroundingthemwillalsobesimilar.

2.力求證明達(dá)爾文關(guān)于面部表情是共同的這一理論的跨文化研究給人極大的希望,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)臉部的某些看得見(jiàn)的表情,即因憤怒、恐懼、驚訝、悲傷、厭惡、幸福而緊縮的肌肉組合,我們?nèi)祟惓蓡T都是一樣的。但是這似乎無(wú)濟(jì)于事,只要我們意識(shí)到一個(gè)人生長(zhǎng)的文化決定了這種情感是否會(huì)表露或壓抑,決定了在何種場(chǎng)合和多大的程度上會(huì)表露或壓抑。(段三正1句)

Promisingarethecross-culturalstudiesseekingtosupportDarwin’stheorythatfacialexpressionsareuniversalandresearchersfoundthattheparticularvisiblepatternontheface,thecombinationofmusclescontractedforanger,fear,surprise,sadness,disgust,happineisthesameforallmembersofourspecies,butthisseemshelpfuluntilitisrealizedthataperson’sculturalupbringingdetermineswhetherornotthatemotionwillbedisplayedorsuppressed,aswellasonwhichoccasionsandtowhatdegree.

3.由于似乎沒(méi)有普遍的人性可以作為自動(dòng)理解的基礎(chǔ),所以我們必須把每交往當(dāng)作個(gè)別案例來(lái)處理,尋求任何共同的認(rèn)知和交流方法并以此作為出發(fā)點(diǎn)。(段四正1)

Sincethereseemstobenouniversalsof“humannature”thatcanbeusedasabasisforautomaticunderstanding,wemusttreateachencounterasanindividualcase,searchingforwhateverperceptionsandcommunicationmeansareheldincommonandproceedfromthere.

4.來(lái)自具有明顯的區(qū)別的文化的代表們見(jiàn)面時(shí),他們都身著西裝,講英語(yǔ),使用相同的招呼禮儀,這種表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。(段五倒3)

Alook-alikefacadeiddeceivingwhenrepresentativesfromcontrastingculturesmeet,eachwearingwesterndress,speakingEnglish,andusingsimilargreetingrituals.

5.相信相似性的神話比設(shè)想存在差異更讓人覺(jué)得舒服,因?yàn)楹笳咭笤囂叫缘脑O(shè)想和行為并且樂(lè)意接受由于“不知”而產(chǎn)生的焦慮。(段六正1—09年)

Theconfidencethatgoeswiththemythofsimilarityismuchmorecomfortablethantheassumptionofdifferences,thelatterrequiringtentativeassumptionsandbehaviorsandawillingnetoaccepttheanxietyof“notknowing”.

6.然而,只有設(shè)想存在著差異時(shí),才可能會(huì)去調(diào)整反應(yīng)和解釋,以適合“眼前發(fā)生的事情”。否則,很可能錯(cuò)誤地解讀符號(hào)和以自我民族為中心去判斷眼前的情形。(段六正2)

Onlywiththeassumptionofdifferences,however,canreactionsandinterpretationsbeadjustedtofit“what’shappening.”O(jiān)therwisesomeoneislikelytomisreadsignsandjudgethesceneethnocentrically.

7.正如一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的人所表達(dá)的那樣,相似性的假設(shè)這個(gè)的絆腳石是一個(gè)“麻煩”,不僅僅是對(duì)于來(lái)訪的外國(guó)人,就連這個(gè)外國(guó)人接觸的東道國(guó)的人也都是個(gè)問(wèn)題。(段七正1)

Thestumblingblockofassumedsimilarityisa“troublem,”asoneEnglishlearnerexpressedit,notonlyfortheforeignerbutforthepeopleinthehostcountrywithwhomtheinternationalvisitorcomesintocontact.

9.詞意多變的現(xiàn)象,尤其再加上了語(yǔ)調(diào)起伏和音調(diào)元素,就更難以掌握,以致于常常被置之不理.(段八正7)Thevariationsinpossiblemeaning,especiallyifinflectingandtonalqualitiesareadded,aresodifficultotcopewiththattheyareoftenwavedaside.

10.當(dāng)一個(gè)日本人被問(wèn)到“你不想要喝點(diǎn)茶嗎?”,他(或她)聽(tīng)出了句子的字面意思,然后回答“不”,意思是他(或她)想要。其實(shí)“是的,我不想要”也許是一個(gè)更好的回答,因?yàn)檫@種前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人這之中可能存在誤解。(段八倒8)

WhenaJapanesehears“won’t”heorshelistenstotheliteralmeaningofthesentenceandanswers,””meaningthatwantssome.””Wouldbeabetterreplybecausethistipsoffthehostorhostethattheremaybeamisunderstanding.

1

11.當(dāng)然,在一些文化中,拒絕主人前兩次提供的茶點(diǎn)是禮貌的行為。但是,許多外國(guó)客人最終會(huì)感到饑餓,因?yàn)樗麄兊拿绹?guó)主人從不主動(dòng)第三次提供茶點(diǎn)——另外一種“不”就意味著“是”的情況。(段八倒4)

Also,insomeculture,itispolitetorefusethefirstorsecondofferofrefreshment,manyforeignguestshavegonehungrybecausetheirUShostorhosteneverpresentedthethirdoffer---anothercaseof“no”meaning“yes”.

12.更困難的是如何正確理解那些遠(yuǎn)未意識(shí)到的其他文化中的潛在規(guī)則,如對(duì)時(shí)空關(guān)系的處理和尊重禮節(jié)的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。(段十)

Itismoredifficulttonotecorrentlytheunspokencodesoftheotherculturethatarefurtherfromawareness,suchasthehandlingoftimeandspatialrelationshipsandsubtlesignsofrespectofformality.

13.如果一位教授認(rèn)為來(lái)自印度尼西亞、墨西哥和一些其他國(guó)家的每名學(xué)生都“愛(ài)討價(jià)還價(jià)”,那么可能會(huì)不公平地把這些國(guó)際學(xué)生的遲疑或請(qǐng)求理解為他們?cè)噲D利用優(yōu)先對(duì)待。(段十一倒4)

AprofessorwhoexpectseveryonefromIndonesia,Mexico,andmanyothercountriestobargainmayunfairlyinterpretahesitationorrequestfromaninternationalstudentasamovetomanipulatepreferentialtreatment.

14.在眼前展現(xiàn)一個(gè)可預(yù)知的,給個(gè)人確定方向的世界,這的確是文化的基本功能之一。思維定式是過(guò)度概括的、第二手的信念,提供概念基礎(chǔ),在此基礎(chǔ)上“弄清楚”我們身邊發(fā)生事情,無(wú)論這些信念是否正確,是否符合實(shí)際情形。(段十二正3)

Indeed,thisisoneofthebasicfunctionsofculture:tolayoutapredictableworldinwhichtheindividualisfirmlyoriented.Stereotypesareovergeneralized,secondhandbeliefsthatproviddeconceptualbasesfromwhichto“makesense”outofwhatgoesonaroundus,whetherornottheyareaccurateorfitthecircumstances.

15.在異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng),運(yùn)用它們會(huì)增強(qiáng)我們的安全感,在心理上是必要的--只要我們無(wú)法容忍歧義,無(wú)法容忍因不能了解并處理那些超出我們理解的人或情況而感到的無(wú)助。(段十二倒5)

Inaforeignlandtheiruseincreaseourfeelingofsecurityandispsychologicallynecessarytothedegreethatwecannottolerateambiguityorthesenseofhelplessneresultingfrominabilitytounderstandanddealwithpeopleandsituationsbeyondourcomprehension.

16.程式化思維之所以難以消除是因?yàn)楸久褡逅诒久褡逦幕懈畹俟,已成為神話或公理,同時(shí)也因?yàn)樗袝r(shí)使偏見(jiàn)合理化了。(段十三正5)

Stereotypesarenoteasytoovercomeinourselvesortocorrectinothers,evenwiththepresentationofevidence,theypersistbecausetheyarefirmlyestablishedasmythsortruismsbyone’sownnationalcultureandbecausetheysometimesrationalizepredudices.

17.一旦深深牽涉到感受和情緒時(shí),直接評(píng)價(jià)導(dǎo)致的交流中止就會(huì)更加突出;而正是此時(shí)最需要通過(guò)聆聽(tīng)去進(jìn)行理解。(段十六)

Communicationcutoffcausedbyimmediateevaluationisheightenedwhenfeelingsandemotionsaredeeplyinvolved;yetthisisjustthetimewhenlisteningwithunderstandingismostneeded.

18.不應(yīng)該通過(guò)價(jià)值判斷的重重密障,而應(yīng)該換位去觀察和聆聽(tīng),不然只會(huì)妨礙我們?nèi)ス睦斫?(段16)Lookandlistenempatheticallyratherthanthroughthethickscreenofvaluejudgmentsthatimpedeafairunderstanding.

19.適度的警惕和積極的態(tài)度可以使人滿懷精力去應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn),但是由于適度的壓力不斷積累造成高度的興奮,就會(huì)很快耗盡身體儲(chǔ)備的能量;不論這個(gè)人是否愿意,必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生防備心理。(段十七正3)

Moderatearousalandpositiveattitudeprepareonetomeetchallengeswithenergy,buthigharousalcausedbyabuildupofcontinuedmoderatestress,depletesthebody’senergyreservequicklyanddefensemustbeusedwhetherornotthepersonwillsit.

20.如果長(zhǎng)期呆在國(guó)外,并且又不能降低自己的戒備心理,就難免會(huì)產(chǎn)生“文化休克”現(xiàn)象。其結(jié)果可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病的發(fā)生,此時(shí)身體必須要休息和恢復(fù)。(段十七倒4)

Ifthestayinaforeigncountryisprolongedandthenewcomercannotletdownhisorherhighalertlevel,thecultureshockphenomenonoccurs.Illnemayresult,thebodyforcingneededrestandrecuperation.

21.除非他們采取防衛(wèi)措施,比如回到他們自己的文化或自我當(dāng)中,剔除或忽視這種刺激,或者變得具有攻擊性或抱有敵意,否則他們的自尊所受到傷害會(huì)達(dá)到不可忍受的地步。這些防衛(wèi)中的任何一種都不會(huì)帶2

來(lái)積極有效的交流。(段十八倒5)

Theirselfesteemisoftenintolerablyunderminedunletheyemploysuchdefensesaswithdrawalintotheirownreferencegrouporintothemselves,screeningoutormisperceivingstimuli,orbecomingaggressiveorhostile.Noneofthesedefensesleadstoeffectivecommunication.

第三課:

1.這種心態(tài)認(rèn)為把所有的原料放在一起攪拌混合,最后變成一種均勻的的混合物。(段一正1)

Thismentalityassumesallingredientscanbewhippedtogetherintoonesmoothmisture.

2.個(gè)繼子女有一定距離,這些都是很正常的。(段二正1—09/07年)

Itisquitenormalforastepparentstohaveclosebondswithonestepchild,beworkingonbondswithanother,whileexperiencingadistantrelationshipwithanolderchild.

3.這個(gè)家庭融合方式的結(jié)果,是把原料和調(diào)料(即儀式,價(jià)值觀,偏好)置于高壓之下完全混合起來(lái).(段九正1)Thisfamilycookingstyleresultsiningredientsandspices(thatisritualsvaluesandpreferences)beingputunderpressuretomeldtogethercompletely.

4.尊重他人的所有物是很重要的,因?yàn)檫@教會(huì)人要尊重他人;這也給回到另一個(gè)家的孩子傳達(dá)了一種歸屬感。“你也許在你爸爸的家里,但你仍然在這里有一個(gè)位置!(段十二倒5)

Respectingoneanother’spossessionsisimportantbecauseitteachespeopletohonorothers;itisalsocommunicatesbelongingtothechildwhoisspendingtimeattheotherhome.Youmaybeatyourdad’shouse,butyoustillhaveaplacehere.

5.我推薦一種瓦罐煨湯式的方法。選擇這種方式的繼親家庭明白,時(shí)間和低溫能導(dǎo)致一種有效的融合。(段十三正2)

IrecommendaCrockpotcookingstyle.Stepfamilieschoosingthisstyleunderstandthattimeandlowheatmakeforaneffectivecombination.

6.當(dāng)原料的汁液開(kāi)始流到一起,瑕疵被凈化掉,每種原料中有益的、令人滿意的品質(zhì)都添加到了口味里。(段十三倒5)

Asthejuicesbegintoflowtogether,imperfectionsarepurified,andthebeneficial,desirablequalitiesofeachingredientareaddedtothetaste.

7.溫火慢燉的狀態(tài)會(huì)讓你此時(shí)此刻放松心情,享受你的繼親家庭走向融合的每一小步所帶來(lái)的喜悅,而不是逼迫家庭成員向前沖。(段十五倒4)

Aslow-cookingmentalityinvitesyoutorelaxinthemomentandenjoythesmallstepsyourstepfamilyismakingtowardintegration,ratherthanpressuringfamilymemberstomoveahead.

8.作為一個(gè)瓦罐煨湯式的繼父,你會(huì)過(guò)分擔(dān)心為什么沒(méi)有迅速地與青春期的繼女相處融洽。(段十七正1)Asacrockpotstepfather,youdonnotworryexcessivelyaboutwhyyouarenotimmediatelybondingwithyourteenagestepdaughter.

9.如果他們接收了你,那你就要公開(kāi)地回報(bào)他們的愛(ài)。如果她仍跟你保持距離或是很冷淡,那你就找到把握規(guī)則,繼續(xù)生活的方法。但是不要堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為孩子會(huì)自動(dòng)接受你的權(quán)威和撫愛(ài)。(段十七倒4)

Ifsheremainsdistantorstandoffish,findwaysofmanagingrulesandgettingthroughlife.Butdonotinsistachildautomaticallyacceptyourauthorityorphysicalaffection.

10.但是瓦罐煨湯式的家長(zhǎng)卻懂得繼父母對(duì)于最小的繼子來(lái)說(shuō)是“爹地”,對(duì)于稍大點(diǎn)的孩子來(lái)說(shuō)是“James”,對(duì)于青春期的孩子卻是“James先生”。(段十八正4)

Butacrockpotadultwouldunderstandthatastepparentcanbe“”tohisyoungeststepchild/nextoldest/teenager.

11.瓦罐煨湯式的繼親家庭了解孩子們對(duì)其親生父母的感情和心理依戀,他們不會(huì)強(qiáng)迫孩子們改變這種依戀。(段十八倒3)

Crockpotstepfamiliesrecognizetheemotionalandpsychologicalattachmentchildrenhavetobiologicalparentsanddonotforcethemtochangethoseattachments.

12.在繼親家庭的融合過(guò)程的早期,容許父母在沒(méi)有繼親成員情況下,與自己的子女單獨(dú)呆在一起,保持

各自家庭的傳統(tǒng)和儀式,這可能是有幫助的。(段十九正2)

Earlyinastepfamily’sintegrationproceitcanbehelpfultomaintainseparatefamilytraditionsandritualsbygivingparentspermissiontospendtimewiththeirchildrenwithoutthesteprelationspresent.

13.象這樣的小家庭的活動(dòng)有助于孩子得到與自己生父或生母和親兄弟姐妹在一起,不受打擾的時(shí)間,尊重他們得到自己最愛(ài)的人的關(guān)注的需要。(段十九倒5)

Suchamini-familyactivityhelpschildrengetuninterruptedtimewiththeirbiologicalparentandsiblings,honoringtheirneedforattentionfromtheonestheylovemost.

14.小家庭活動(dòng)也許不像是一個(gè)好的解決方法,因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)噲D將自己繼親家庭當(dāng)作嫡親家庭來(lái)駕馭。承認(rèn)自己的繼親家庭正在融合一種過(guò)程中,將有助于他們認(rèn)識(shí)到:就目前而言,這也許是問(wèn)題的最好解決辦法。(段二十四)

Mini-familyactivitiesmightnotfeellikeagoodsolutionbecausetheyweretryingtosteertheirfamilyastheywouldabiologicalfamily,acceptingtheirstepfamilyasoneintheintegrationprocewouldhelpthemtoseethatfornow,thiswasthebestsolution.

第四課:

1.近來(lái),政府對(duì)人力資本的投資有加大的趨勢(shì),但較之2001年全世界高3.1%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),則投資比例仍然偏低。(段一倒4)

Recenttrendsininvestmentingovernmenthumancapitalinvestmentarefavorablebuttheinvestmentproportionisstilllowbyworldstandardsrisingtoin

2.然而,有證據(jù)表明教育和技術(shù)構(gòu)成的真正回報(bào)率非常高。這種不平衡是現(xiàn)行政策曲解的一種癥候,而且這種曲解阻礙了中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。(段二正2—09年)

However,evidenceindicatesthatthetruerateofreturntoeducationandskillformationishighandthattheimbalanceissymptomaticofaseriousdistortionofcurrentpolicythatretardseconomicdevelopmentinchina.

3.當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家最初衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的根源時(shí),從前一直被認(rèn)為是無(wú)法解釋的剩余因素,現(xiàn)在被稱為人力資本。(段三正1)

Wheneconomistsfirstbegantomeasurethesourcesofeconomicgrowth,whatpreviouslyhadbeenconsideredanunexplainedresidualbecameidentifiedashumancapital.

4.有些人認(rèn)為,“人力資本”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)意味著個(gè)性的喪失,使人們聯(lián)想到一個(gè)將人與機(jī)器等同的不人道社會(huì)。事實(shí)上,恰恰相反,這一概念承認(rèn)人的重要性。(段四正1)

Theterm“hp”suggeststosomeadepersonalizationofindividualsandisassociatedinthepopularmindwithadehumanizingsocietythatequatesmenwithmachines.

5.技能廣還便于勞動(dòng)者在出現(xiàn)新的機(jī)會(huì)時(shí)跨工種、跨行業(yè)、跨地區(qū)流動(dòng),有助于人們重新分配人力資源和物質(zhì)資源,使其投入到生產(chǎn)力更高的領(lǐng)域中去,甚至使人們預(yù)見(jiàn)到這些機(jī)會(huì)的存在。(段七正6)

Greatskillalsofacilitatesworkermobilityacrooccupation,industriesandregionsinresponsetonewopportunities,ithelpspeoplereallocateresources,bothhumanandphysical,towardmoreproductiveopportunitiesexist.

6.教育對(duì)中國(guó)各地區(qū)全因素生產(chǎn)力所造成的影響證明:中國(guó)內(nèi)地教育水平的低下,阻礙了政府最近對(duì)內(nèi)地加大投資政策的實(shí)施。(段九倒5)

Theimpactofeducationontotalfactorproductivityinregionsinchinashowsthattherecentpolicyofpromotinginvestmentinnoncoastalareasofchinawasthwartedbylowlevelofeducationinthenoncoastalregions.

7.當(dāng)我們思考在中國(guó)的適當(dāng)投資策略以及各地區(qū)發(fā)展的時(shí)候,十分重要的是要知道,優(yōu)化人力資本和實(shí)物資本投資組合將推動(dòng)最高速度的發(fā)展。(段十正1)

Whenwethinkaboutanappropriateinvestmentstrategyinchina,andthedevelopmentofitsregions,itisveryimportanttounderstandthatoptimizingoverthefullportfolioofinvestment---bothhumanandphysicalcapital

8.出身地是決定一個(gè)人成年后技能水平的最重要的因素之一,這是中國(guó)社會(huì)同代人和隔代人之間不平等的重要根源。(段十一正5)

Theplaceofaperson’sbirthisoneofthemostimportantdeterminantsofthatperson’sadultskilllevel.Thisisa

powerfulsourceofinequalityinChinesesocietyacropeopleatapointintimeandacrogenerationgs.

9.殘存的戶籍政策加劇了這種不平等。這種政策向跨區(qū)流動(dòng)人員的子女征收高達(dá)他們家庭總收入百分之十的借讀費(fèi)。(段十一正8)

Thissourceofinequalityisreinforcedbythevestigesofhkpolicythatchargeschildrenofinterregionalimmigrantabovenormalfeesthatareaslargeas10oftotalfamilyincomejustfortherighttoattendschool.

10.各地區(qū)每個(gè)學(xué)生的費(fèi)用支出相差很大,它與各省人均GDP的正比關(guān)系是很顯然的,而且是可精確估算的。(段十二正1)

TheregionalvariationincrosectionperpupilexpenditureisenormousandthepositiverelationshipwithprovincialGDPpercapitaisfairlyclearandpreciselyestimated.

11.在中高等教育階段普遍征收學(xué)費(fèi)是合理的,將有限的教育資源分配給那些最有可能從教育獲益的人。(段十三正1)

Apolicyofchargingfeesforaccetoeducation,whichiswidespreadinsecondaryandhigherlevels,canbejustifiedasawaytorationscarceresourcestothosewhomightbenefitmostfromeducation.

12.在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中教育回報(bào)率的實(shí)證數(shù)據(jù)表明了什么?對(duì)政府的活動(dòng)進(jìn)行量化評(píng)估,剔除壞的投資保留好的投資,實(shí)事求是地執(zhí)行政策,這是至關(guān)重要的。(段十五正1—08年)

WhatdoestheempiricalevidenceontherateofreturntoeducationintheChineseeconomyshow?Itisimportanttoevaluategovernmentactivitiesonaquantitativebasis,toscreenthebadinvestmentsfromthegoodonesandtoconductpolicyanafactuallyinformedbasis.

13.單靠鼓勵(lì)物力資本投資來(lái)提高內(nèi)地生產(chǎn)力的政策是不均衡的。這種政策的效率遠(yuǎn)低于對(duì)兩者同時(shí)投資的均衡政策。(正十七倒6)

Animbalancedpolicythatseekstoimproveproductivityinnoncastalregionsbyencouraginginvestmentinphysicalcapitalaloneismuchleefficientthanapolicythatinvestsinamorebalancedfashioninboth.

14.一個(gè)自由的市場(chǎng)會(huì)使得像越來(lái)越多地主宰中國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)和產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的那樣一種激勵(lì)機(jī)制發(fā)揮作用,大大地促進(jìn)技能培訓(xùn)。(段十九正3)

Afreemarketthatallowsthesamekindofincentives

15.另一個(gè)推進(jìn)發(fā)展的方式是通過(guò)資本和勞動(dòng)力的自由流動(dòng),來(lái)平衡地區(qū)之間和城鄉(xiāng)之間的人力資本和實(shí)物資本的回報(bào)率。(段二十正1)

Anotherpolicythatwouldpromotegrowthisequalizationofregionalandurbanvsruralratesofreturnstohumanandphysicalcapitalbypermittingfreecapitalandlabormobility.

16.消除地區(qū)工資差距,開(kāi)放市場(chǎng),讓人口在全國(guó)自由流動(dòng)尋找機(jī)會(huì),這會(huì)加快國(guó)家整體的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。同樣,集中式教育財(cái)政有利于將政府資金從中央均衡地分配給各地區(qū)和城鄉(xiāng),這也會(huì)加快國(guó)家整體的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。(段二十正七)

Eliminatingregionaldisparityinwagesandopeningupmarketstoallowfreedomofmigrationandpursuitofopportunitiesthroughoutchinawouldenhanceeconomicdevelopmentofthecountryasawhole.Sowouldacentralizededucationalfinancepolicythatservedtoallocategovernmentfundsfromthecentermoreevenlyacrotheregionsandbetweenruralandurbanareas.

17.注重培養(yǎng)人力資本和更開(kāi)放的勞動(dòng)力流動(dòng)的政策,將會(huì)彌補(bǔ)因開(kāi)放工資體系所造成的不斷加劇的不公平。(段二十三正1)

Apolicyfosteringhumancapitalandmoreopenmigrationwouldservetooffsettheriseininequalityproducedbymoreopenwagesetting.

18.強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)物資本而忽視人力資本的投資策略,不可能獲得更均衡的投資策略能夠產(chǎn)生出的收益。(段九/4)Aninvestmentstrategythatemphasizesphysicalcapitaloverhumancapitalfailstocapturethebenefitsthatcanarisefromamorebalancedinvestmentstrategy.

第五課:

1.主要涉及能源短缺、水資源缺乏、健康、氣候變化、自然災(zāi)害以及強(qiáng)化婦女在農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、生態(tài)多元化管理

領(lǐng)域中的權(quán)力,使之創(chuàng)造出可持續(xù)的生存方式等問(wèn)題。(段二—08年)

Thesynergiesbetweenthegoalsofgenderequity,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalsustainabilityareexploredbelowintermsofaddressingpovertyamongwomen-----includingenergyandwaterpoverty,health,climatechange,naturaldisastersandcreatingsustainablelivelihoodsbyempoweringwomenintherealmsofagriculture,forestandbiodiversitymanagement.

2.婦女被認(rèn)為是木質(zhì)燃料的使用者與采集者,亦被認(rèn)為是環(huán)境惡化導(dǎo)致能源短缺的受害者。(段三正2)Womenwerefirstrecognizedinrelationtobiomaenergy,andasvictimsofenvironmentaldeteriorationthatcausedenergyscarcity.

3.在許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家,公共土地仍是生物量能源的關(guān)鍵來(lái)源地。然而,這些土地正在飛速地變成私有土地。土地私有化使人們自由獲取燃柴變得艱難,搬遷到另一個(gè)地區(qū),該地區(qū)也會(huì)就燃柴來(lái)源的可持續(xù)管理問(wèn)題,做出一些協(xié)同合作的決定。(段六)

Inmanydevelopedcountries,communallandsremainacrucialsourceofbiomaenergy,yetprivatizationoftheselandscontinuesapace---reducingfreeaccetofuelwood,andremovingyetanotherareawherecooperativedecisionscouldbemadeonsustainablemanagementoffuelwoodsources.

4.在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,與性別、環(huán)境與能源相關(guān)的研究主要為:能源領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的平等就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)、能源政策的決策、污染與健康、能源生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的選擇、實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)與技術(shù)教育的途徑和家庭內(nèi)的勞動(dòng)分工。(段七)

Indevelopedcountries,thelinksbetweengender,environmentandenergyhavebeenexploredmainlyintheareasofequalopportunityintheenergyprofessions,decisionmakinginenergypolicy,pollutionandhealth,preferencesforenergyproductionsystems,assetoscientificandtechnologicaleducationandthedivisionoflabourinthehome.

5.性別這一要素在制定減少溫室氣體排放的大政方略的潛在作用卻越來(lái)越被忽視。(段九正1)

Thepotentialvalueofgenderasafactorindecidingonpoliciesandprogramstoreducegreenhousegasemissionshasreceivedevenleattention.

6.更好地獲得農(nóng)業(yè)輔助系統(tǒng)如信貸、技術(shù)、教育、運(yùn)輸、擴(kuò)張、營(yíng)銷服務(wù)的支持對(duì)提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力、促進(jìn)環(huán)境可持續(xù)的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)是及其重要的。然而,在很多情況下,婦女根本無(wú)法獲取這些支持。(段十一倒5)Improvedaccetoagriculturalsupportsystems,includingcredittechnologyeducationtransportextensionandmarketingservices,isessentialtoimprovingagriculturalproductivityandpromotingenvironmentallysustainablepractices—yetoftenwomenhavenoaccetotheseservices.

7.男女性別的區(qū)分使他們形成的知識(shí)體系相異。這在保持、管理和改善食物及農(nóng)作物的基因方面起到了決定性的作用。(段十二正七)

Genderdifferentiatedlocalknowledgesystemsplayadecisiveroleinconserving,managingandimprovinggeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture.

8.相比之下,婦女對(duì)野生食物、加工工藝、藥材等多元化生態(tài)的保護(hù)和可持續(xù)性地利用有廣泛的了解,并且隨著角色與職責(zé)的變化,婦女會(huì)掌握一些新的自然資源知識(shí)。(段十二倒5)

Bycontrast,womenretainawidelysharedlevelofgeneralknowledgeintheconservationandsustainableuseofbiologicaldiversityaboutwildfoods,craftandmedicinalplants,andacquirenewknowledgeaboutnaturalresourcesastheirrolesanddutieschange.

9.近年來(lái),如果說(shuō)人們尚未依照健康與環(huán)境的關(guān)系來(lái)實(shí)施自己的行為的話,這一(健康與環(huán)境的)關(guān)系卻是得到了廣泛的認(rèn)識(shí)的。(段十六正1)

Thelinkbetweenhealthandtheenvironmenthasbeenwidelyrecognized,ifnotfullyactedupon,inrecentyears.

10.這些污染物包括來(lái)自運(yùn)輸和工業(yè)方面的空氣污染,化學(xué)有毒氣體和工業(yè)處理中的重金屬,還有廢品焚化時(shí)產(chǎn)生的二惡英。(段十六正5)

Includingairpollutantsfromindustrialprocesses,chemicaltoxinsandheavymetalsfromindustrialprocesses,anddioxinsfromwasteincineration.

11.抑制帶菌生物滋生的地區(qū)繁殖。(段十六正9—07年)

Climatechangeisexpectedtoincreasetheburdenofdiseaseconsiderablybyallowingvectorstobreedinlatitudestoaltitudeswherecurrenttemperaturespreventthem.

12.在這個(gè)地區(qū),婦女耕種大部分的糧食作物。她們的農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)常常體現(xiàn)出艾滋病大規(guī)模入侵的最初跡象。(段十八正7)

Inthisregion,womengrowmostofthefood,andwomen’sagriculturallabouroftenshowsthefirstsignsofwidercommunitydisruptionbyhiv/adis.

13.此外,現(xiàn)實(shí)中的男女不平等使得以婦女為一家之首的家庭極其脆弱,尤其是在土地被剝奪的地區(qū)。(段二十倒5)

Inaddition,inequitableinheritancepracticesleavefemale-headedhouseholdsextremelyvulnerable,especiallywherelandgrabbingoccurs.

14.災(zāi)難的降臨不會(huì)因?yàn)槿说纳鐣?huì)等級(jí)或性別而有差異。但是眾所周知,窮人更容易受到環(huán)境和其它災(zāi)難的影響,更容易遭遇挫折。他們更可能是住在災(zāi)難易發(fā)區(qū),住在不牢固、質(zhì)量差、選址差的房子里,幾乎沒(méi)有什么辦法可以獲得救助或被重新安置居所。(段二十一)

Disastersdonotstrikeevenlybysocialclaofgender.However,itiswellestablishedthatthepooraremoreexposedtoenvironmentalandotherdisasters,andalsomorevulnerabletothemwhentheyoccur,theyaremorelikelytoliveindisasterproneareas,invulnerable,badlybuiltandbadlysitedhousing,andwithfewresourcestopayforrescueorrehabilitation.

15.將性別融入環(huán)境分析或者進(jìn)行環(huán)境分析時(shí)考慮性別因素這一前瞻性策略要獲得完全的成功取決于三個(gè)方面。(段二十四)

Thefullsucceofforward-lookingstrategiesforbringinggenderintoenvironmentalanalysis—andviceversa---mayhingeonthreemajorareasofactivity.

16.其次,要調(diào)整政府工作的重點(diǎn)。在制定財(cái)政計(jì)劃時(shí)要考慮性別平等問(wèn)題,并且要使該計(jì)劃有助于推進(jìn)性別平等。聯(lián)合國(guó)婦女委員會(huì)在20多個(gè)國(guó)家中展開(kāi)了針對(duì)性別的預(yù)算案。這一預(yù)算將查明公共資源該如何分配才會(huì)使得婦女、男性都受益,并且還致力于盡量滿足男女平等的要求。在墨西哥,政府決定把相當(dāng)于總預(yù)算0.85%的資金用于促進(jìn)性別平等項(xiàng)目。(段二十六正1)

Second,adjustinggovernmentprioritiessothatawareneandpromotionofgenderequalityareintegratedintofinancialplanning.In20countriessofar,UNIFEMhassupportedthedevelopmentofgenderresponsivebudgetsthatexaminehowtheallocationofpublicresourcesbenefitswomenandmen,andaddressesgenderequalityrequirements.

17.把社會(huì)因素作為研究環(huán)境問(wèn)題時(shí)的主要考慮因素是有相當(dāng)難度的。何況,性別作為又一考慮因素而加入其中,就更加具有挑戰(zhàn)性了。(段二十八正1)

Itisdifficultenoughtomainstreamsocialconsiderationswithinenvironmentalwork;addinggenderasathirddimensionisevenmorechallenging.

18.以性別為視角來(lái)討論(環(huán)境問(wèn)題)總被認(rèn)為是微不足道,或者至少是對(duì)當(dāng)務(wù)之急要解決的問(wèn)題是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的。(段二十八正5)

Bringingagenderperspectinvintothediscussionisoftendismissedastrivial—oratleastnotessentialtopriorityproblemsolving.

19.(把性別作為環(huán)境問(wèn)題的考慮要素)面臨的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)就是:說(shuō)服專家,讓他們認(rèn)識(shí)到性別問(wèn)題的重要性,讓他們相信分析性別平衡和性別平等不僅不會(huì)弱化或延誤環(huán)境分析、環(huán)境政策和環(huán)境工程,而實(shí)際上是對(duì)環(huán)境分析、環(huán)境政策和環(huán)境工程的加強(qiáng)和深化。(段二十八倒4)

Partofthischallengeistoconvincetechnicalexpertsthatgendermatters,andthatanalysesofgenderbalanceandequitydonotweakenordelay,butactuallystrengthenandsharpenenvironmentalanalyses,policesandprogrammes.

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