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定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)用什么
定語(yǔ)從句是高考單選必考的重要考點(diǎn)，也是閱讀中長(zhǎng)難句常見(jiàn)的句型結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)也是提升寫作表達(dá)的重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)。但是不少同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了很久，對(duì)于定語(yǔ)從句的掌握還是差強(qiáng)人意。今天就開(kāi)始重點(diǎn)說(shuō)一下定語(yǔ)從句的基本用法。
要理解定語(yǔ)從句，首先就要理解什么是“定語(yǔ)”�！岸ㄕZ(yǔ)”是修飾名詞的，也就是形容詞，比如漂亮的，丑陋的，大的，小的……當(dāng)定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，比如”穿著紅衣服的那個(gè)漂亮的女孩，一個(gè)形容詞無(wú)法擔(dān)任起修飾名詞的任務(wù)，此時(shí)就把定語(yǔ)變成一個(gè)句子，放在名詞后面，所以定語(yǔ)從句一定是在名詞之后的。
定語(yǔ)從句由三部分構(gòu)成，名詞（又叫先行詞）+關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞+定語(yǔ)從句。
This is the house that I bough.
This is the house where I spent my childhood.
那究竟是要用關(guān)系還是關(guān)系副詞，我們要做兩件事情：
看定語(yǔ)從句的句子成分
看定語(yǔ)從句和名詞的關(guān)系
定語(yǔ)從句的成分
缺主語(yǔ)
既然叫從句，它就是一個(gè)句子，句子就要有主謂賓。如果定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)，那就要在定于從句前加上關(guān)系代詞that/which/who充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)， 前面的名詞如果是人用that和who都可以，如果是物，用that和which
例子
This is the man who/that helped me.
I lost the book that/which cost me 100 yuan.
缺賓語(yǔ)
同缺主語(yǔ)的情況一樣，前面的名詞如果是人用that和who都可以，如果是物，用that和which，唯一不同的是關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。
This is the man (who/that) I like.
I lost the book (which/that) he bought.
That和which既可以指人也可以指物，但是有四種情況下，關(guān)系代詞一般用that
先行詞既有人也有物
The writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.
先行詞是all,little,much,none,the first
All that glitters is not gold.
先行詞是不定代詞something,anything,nothing,everything
I would much rather receive something that made me laugh.
先行詞被any,only,all,every,形容詞和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，用that
Tell us all things that you know.
非限定性定于從句不用that
I became a single mother overnight,which is nothing like becoming famous overnight.
拓展：定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ)時(shí)引導(dǎo)詞都可以用什么
1.當(dāng)先行詞是everything,anything,nothing (something 除外),all,none,few,little,some等代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代詞修飾時(shí)。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來(lái)了嗎?
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)似乎世界上沒(méi)有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能為你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有應(yīng)邀來(lái)參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。
2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。
3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。
4.當(dāng)先行詞被the very,the only修飾時(shí)。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。
After the fire in his house,the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過(guò)后，那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王華是我校唯一出席會(huì)議的人。
5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who,which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?
6.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那個(gè)沿街走來(lái)的人和他的毛驢
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