定語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句:
一、定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
1、一共有9個(gè):who, whom , whose, that, which, when,where, why, as
與名詞從句相比:定從不能由what和how引導(dǎo);which的含義改變;定從內(nèi)部的介詞可以放引導(dǎo)詞前。
2、引導(dǎo)詞的功能有哪些?
。1)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
(2)代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。(先行詞在從句中不再出現(xiàn))
二、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵
1、首先,要能判斷出該從句是什么從句:
。1)放句首沒(méi)有用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)的,一般是主語(yǔ)從句,也有可能是狀語(yǔ)從句,但從句結(jié)束后若有體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)變化的動(dòng)詞,則一定是主語(yǔ)從句。
。2)放及物動(dòng)詞后,若及物動(dòng)詞不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),后面一定是賓語(yǔ)從句;若該及物動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),后面一般是主語(yǔ)從句(It+ is + adj/n./done+that/whether/when…)或狀語(yǔ)從句。
。3)放be動(dòng)詞后,后面一定是表語(yǔ)從句,但 “It is/was + 從句(被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分) + that”是強(qiáng)調(diào)句(強(qiáng)調(diào)句中“非謂語(yǔ)”)。
(4)放名詞后,一般是定語(yǔ)從句,但若該名詞有“內(nèi)涵/內(nèi)容”(fact/truth/news/information/ problem/suggestion), 則很可能是同位語(yǔ)從句。
。5)用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)的從句,一般是狀語(yǔ)從句或 as/which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,也要注意用放在句中用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)的“插入語(yǔ)”(however, for example,believe it or not等)。
2、其次,判斷出是定語(yǔ)從句后可以用“三個(gè)優(yōu)先”法做題:
(1)優(yōu)先選擇含whose的選項(xiàng),能與空格后的名詞構(gòu)成“某人的某物”搭配,一般就是答案;
。2)優(yōu)先選擇含介詞的選項(xiàng),然后看該介詞與從句中的謂語(yǔ)是否能構(gòu)成符合邏輯的搭配;
(3)用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)的定從,優(yōu)先考慮as和which,若該空能翻譯為“一件事”而從句意思是通順的,則放句首就用as,句末用which(若該空能翻譯為“如同”“像…一樣”則應(yīng)用as)
3、再次,做定語(yǔ)從句題可以用“三問(wèn)法”來(lái)檢測(cè)是否出錯(cuò):
。1)先行詞本身是否為特殊的詞?
way+ in which/that/省略
指物的不定代詞:anything, one, some,many, a lot, all, both, that等 + that
指人的不定代詞或數(shù)詞:one, those, anyone, two等 + who
既有人又有物: + that
“抽象的地點(diǎn)”condition, situation,case, point + where
“抽象的時(shí)間”one’s stay/visit + when
在特定語(yǔ)境中可以作“地點(diǎn)/位置”理解的詞:trousers/ sleeves + where
。2)先行詞前面有無(wú)特殊的詞?
有不定代詞修飾:all/every/little/much+ …+ that
有最高級(jí)/序數(shù)詞修飾:the best/second … + that
有just the/ the very/ the only/ the last等修飾:+ that
有who/which疑問(wèn)詞:+ that(避免重復(fù))
有the same/ such/ as修飾:一般+ as
。ㄗ⒁猓 ①第一個(gè)as是否為一個(gè)以as結(jié)尾的搭配,如regard…as;
、趨^(qū)分such…as(定從)與such …that“如此…以至于”)
。3)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)什么成分?
注意:從句中spend后的“時(shí)間”,以及visit后的“地點(diǎn)”,不是狀語(yǔ),而是賓語(yǔ),應(yīng)該用不定代詞
4、只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句有哪些情況?
先行詞前為all, everything, nothing,something, anything, little, much等不定代詞時(shí);
先行詞前有:all, every, no, some, any,little, much, few等不定代詞修飾時(shí);
先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí);
先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí);
先行詞前only, just, very, last有等修飾時(shí);
先行詞是表示人和物混雜的兩個(gè)名詞時(shí);
主句是以who, which,開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句或先行詞是疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí);
在修飾時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等先行詞時(shí),只有用that代替when, where等引導(dǎo)詞;
【例】I'll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?
先行詞為reason, way (意為“方法”)時(shí),常用that 代替why,which, in which,也可省略。
引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí),多用that引導(dǎo)。
先行詞是主句表語(yǔ)時(shí);
【例】It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)以there be 開(kāi)頭時(shí);
當(dāng)先行詞是數(shù)詞時(shí);
同一個(gè)復(fù)合句里有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,一個(gè)用which,另一個(gè)通常用that。
5、reason后面用什么引導(dǎo)?way 后面用什么引導(dǎo)?
reason后面的定語(yǔ)從句用why引導(dǎo)。
way 后面定語(yǔ)從句用in which 或 that引導(dǎo)that可以省略。
6、when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句等于什么引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?
when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句等于介詞+ which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
7、where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句等于什么引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?
where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句等于介詞+which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
★8、one of 和 the (only) one of引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在主謂一致問(wèn)題上應(yīng)注意什么?
前者引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);后者用單數(shù)。
9、限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句有和區(qū)別?
限制性定語(yǔ)從句是主句不可缺少的一個(gè)部分,缺少后主句意思不完整。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)主句的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,不要從句對(duì)主句意義無(wú)多大影響;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句前后有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。而且非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中不能用that。
10、as 和which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在用法上有什么區(qū)別?
as和 which 都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句.都可以代替主句中的整個(gè)內(nèi)容或某一成分。
as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以位于句首,并常和know, see, expect等詞連用,意為:“正如……”,而which不能位于句首。
11、as 可以用于哪些結(jié)構(gòu)中引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句?
such... as; the same... as; so ...as..
12、the same…as和 the same…that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句如何區(qū)別?
the same…as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句指的是相同事物,強(qiáng)調(diào)同類。
the same…that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句指的是同一物。
13、such…as …和 such…that…如何區(qū)分?
such…as…引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,as必須代替先行詞在其引導(dǎo)的從句中充當(dāng)成分。
such…that…引導(dǎo)的從句是狀語(yǔ)從句,that只是引導(dǎo)從句并不在其引導(dǎo)的從句中充當(dāng)成分,在選擇填空首先看從句中是否缺句子成分,如果缺成分就要考慮是定語(yǔ)從句;如果不缺成分就要考慮是狀語(yǔ)成分。
★14、whose 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句有那些注意點(diǎn)?
whose 作定語(yǔ),后面跟名詞。一般有三種表示形式:
【例】This is the dictionary whose cover has come off.
= This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off.
= This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off.
★★★15、 “介詞 + 關(guān)系詞” 開(kāi)頭的定語(yǔ)從句有哪幾種情況?
注意:引導(dǎo)定從的介詞后不能加who/that
。1)先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ),用來(lái)替換when/where/why的:in/on/from/for/in front of + which/whom:
。2)“of所有格”: the+名詞+ of + which/whom; of + which/whom +… the+名詞
。3)“某個(gè)范圍中的多少”: some/both/the former + of + which/whom; of + which/whom … some…
。4)偶爾可用“介詞+ whose”和“介詞+where”
三、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1、who指人,在從句中做主語(yǔ)
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
2、whom指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),常可省略。
Mr. Liu is the person (whom)you talked about on the bus.
【注意】關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替,可省略。
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3、which指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
4、that指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who或者whom;指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
5、whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
whose指物時(shí),常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
。ㄗ⒁猓簍he + 名詞 + of which/whom?迹。
四、介詞+關(guān)系代詞whom/which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句(重點(diǎn))
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo):
The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
=The school in which he once studied is very famous.
【注意】
1、含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等
。1)This is the watch which/that I am lookingfor.(T)
。2)This is the watch for which I amlooking. (F)
2、若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,不可用who或者that;指物時(shí)用which,不能用that;關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose
。1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)
。2)The man who/that you talked with is my friend.(F)
3、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most,each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞,構(gòu)成some of which/whom等類似結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。(重點(diǎn):?!)
。1)He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.
。2)In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
。3)There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
在特定語(yǔ)境中,可以用“介詞+ whose/where”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
The boss in whose department Ms King once worked is a kind man.
五、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1、when指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)
。1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
。2)The time when we got together finally came.
2、where指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)
。1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3、why指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ),此時(shí)先行詞常為reason?勺?yōu)閒or which(常考。
why=for which
(1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
。2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
【注意】關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的`從句替換
(1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
。2)From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
。3)Great changes have taken place in thecity in which/where I was born.
賓語(yǔ)從句
1.定義:用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。
2.構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句。
3.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類:
(1)從屬連詞that.如:
He told us that he felt ill.他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned.我知道他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
注: that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下,that不能省略。
1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí),that不能省略。)
大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that不能省略。)
對(duì)他我一無(wú)所知,只知道他是南方人。
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.(that從句位于句首時(shí),that不可省略。)
我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話。
4.We decided,in view of his special circumstances,that we would admit him for a probationary period.(主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ),that不可省略。)
鑒于他的特殊情況,我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。
。2)從屬連詞if/whether.如:
I doubt whether he will succeed.我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。
I don’t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否幫助我。
(3)連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever
連接副詞 where,when,how,why.
如:
Who or what he was,Martin never learned.
他是什么人?他是干什么的?馬丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about.我不知道他要給我寫(xiě)信說(shuō)什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來(lái)。
You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。
1.介詞賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。
有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如:
I don’t care (for)who marries him.我不管誰(shuí)跟他結(jié)婚。
Be careful (as to)how you do that.你要注意做這件事的方式。
解釋:
1.如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。如:
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒(méi)來(lái)是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。
2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ):連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ),只用在except,but,in后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo),則需用it先行一步,作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生,只是有點(diǎn)粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。
介詞賓語(yǔ)不可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo),而要用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如:
Are you sorry for what you’ve done?
你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎?
3.某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句,這類形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,連詞that可省略。如:
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能確定我該做什么。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.
恐怕你沒(méi)領(lǐng)會(huì)我說(shuō)的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.
我好奇怪,我以前沒(méi)看到過(guò)。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
媽媽為她的女兒通過(guò)了考試而感到高興。
4.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用,但whether常和or not連用,if一般不與or not連用。如:
I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。
用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句如果會(huì)引起歧義,應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter.試比較:
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語(yǔ)從句,意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語(yǔ)從句意為“如果你想去的話,請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。
5.賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思,卻不用否定形式,而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问。如?/p>
I don’t think you are right.我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意,是嗎?
6.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律:
。1)當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
(2)當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句只能使用過(guò)去范圍內(nèi)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行。
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