定語從句中的定語如何解釋
定語是用來修飾、限定、說明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征的。主要有形容詞,此外還有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)、分詞、定語從句或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞、短語或句子都可以作定語。
定語的位置一般有兩種:用在所修飾詞之前的叫前置定語,用在所修飾詞之后的叫后置定語。
單詞作定語時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語。
定語前置
在英語里,一般定語前置時(shí)的次序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~,形容詞、分詞、動(dòng)名詞和名詞性定語。但當(dāng)幾個(gè)形容詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在名詞短語之前,我們要注意其次序。
其形容詞遵循的詞序?yàn)椋?/strong>限 觀 形 齡 顏 國 材
指:限定詞(一般指數(shù)量);外觀(美麗等);形狀(大小,高矮,肥瘦);年齡;顏色;國籍;材料;用途。
如:
1限定詞 2 外觀 3形狀 4年齡 5顏色 6國籍 7材料 8用途
a famous American university
an interesting little red French oil painting
a new plastic bucket
a purple velvet curtains
an elegant German clock
另外,有些形容詞也有特殊的次序:
描述身體特征的形容詞先于表示情感和性格特征的形容詞
例如:a small lovely girl,a long patient queue,a pale anxious patient ;
表示顏色的`形容詞放在表示情感和性格特征的形容詞之后
例如:a kindly black teacher,an inquisitive brown dog ;
little,old 和young 有時(shí)可以作為名詞短語不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名詞之前,
例如:a lovely little girl
表示性格特征的形容詞可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如:
a young ambitious man (強(qiáng)調(diào)年齡),an ambitious young man(強(qiáng)調(diào)雄心勃勃)。
當(dāng)然,三個(gè)以上形容詞連用作定語,就顯得累贅,因此上面所說的情況一般較少出現(xiàn).
數(shù)詞
數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞:Two boys need two pens.(two為定語,修飾名詞boy:two修飾名詞pen)/兩個(gè)男孩需要兩支鋼筆。
The two boys are students.(two為定語,在此數(shù)詞做形容詞,修飾名詞boy)/這兩個(gè)男孩是學(xué)生。
There are two boys in the room.(two為定語,在此數(shù)詞做形容詞,修飾名詞boy)/房間里有兩個(gè)男孩。
特殊詞
代詞或名詞所有格作定語:
His son needs Tom's pen.(his為定語,修飾名詞son;Tom’s為定語,修飾名詞pen)/他的兒子需要Tom的鋼筆。
His name is Tom.(his為定語,修飾名詞name)/他的名字是湯姆。
定語后置
短語作定語一般后置
It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一個(gè)碩果累累的會(huì)議。
He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他給我一個(gè)裝滿雞蛋的籃子。
English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英語是一門容易學(xué)但是難精通的語言。
The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最難教的男生都在他的班里了。
修飾some,any,no,every等詞構(gòu)成的不定代詞的定語都后置
Let’s go somewhere quiet. 咱們?nèi)フ覀(gè)安靜一點(diǎn)的地方吧。
There is nothing important in today's newspaper. 今天報(bào)紙上沒有什么重要的東西。
Do you have anything more to say? 你還有什么話要說嗎
副詞作定語
The people here are very friendly. 這里的人很友好。
They lived in the room above.他們住在樓上的房間。
動(dòng)詞、名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的以-able,-ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞作定語
He is a person dependable. 他是一個(gè)可以依靠的人
This is the only transportation means available. 這是唯一可行的交通工具。
起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用的單個(gè)分詞
Everybody involved should stay here.每個(gè)(被)涉及到的人都應(yīng)該呆在這里。
The college mentioned. (被)提及的大學(xué)。
英語定語從句用法
在復(fù)合句中 , 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句 , 被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞 , 引導(dǎo)定語從句的有關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that等和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why等 , 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任句子成份。
1.由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句中 , who用作主語 , 如 : This is the boy who often helps me.
2.由whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,whom用作賓語,如:The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.
3.由whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句中 , whose用作定語 , 如 : Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?
4.由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,which用作主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語或介詞的賓語,如:
The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.
The river which is in front of my house is very clean.
This is the pen which you want.
注意 :
(1)whom, which用作介詞賓語時(shí) , 介詞可放在 whom、which之前 , 也可放在從句原來的位置上;但在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞固定詞組中,介詞只能放在原來的位置上。如: He is the very person whom we must take good care of.
(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),必須用關(guān)系代詞which,不用that,如:I have lost
my bag, which I like very much.
(3)關(guān)系代詞在句中作主語時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞保持一致。
5.由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,that可以指人或物,在從句中作主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語,但不能放在介詞后面作介詞賓語,如:
The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.
注意在下面幾種情況下必須用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句。
(1)先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 , 如 :
All that we have to do is to practise English.
(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,如
The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
(3)先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修飾 , 如
I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.
(4)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時(shí)如
He is the only person that I want to talk with.
(5)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),如:
They talked about persons and things that they met.
(6)當(dāng)句中已有who時(shí) , 為避免重復(fù) , 如 : Who is the man that is giving us theclass?
6.由when, where, why引導(dǎo)的定語從句,如:
I don't know the reason why he was late.
This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.
I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.
注意:先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物的,就用 that(which),如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是不及物的,就用where引導(dǎo)。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)
7. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
(1)限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分,主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)分開。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, of which等,這些關(guān)系代詞都不能省略。
(2)非限制性定語從句是對(duì)主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明 , 沒有這種從句 , 不影響主句意思的完整 , 一般用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開 , 關(guān)系代詞用 which,不用that;指人時(shí)可用who,如 : I have two brothers, who are both students.
8.如何簡化定語從句
。1).定語從句簡化為形容詞或形容詞短語作后置定語。如:
My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.
→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在離這兒很遠(yuǎn)的一個(gè)村子。
This is a book that is worth reading.
→This is a book worth reading. 這是一本值得看的書。
。2) 定語從句簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語作前置或后置定語。
The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.
→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.
站在樹下面的那個(gè)人是我們的英語老師。
I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.
當(dāng)時(shí)我看到那房子在燃燒。
。3)定語從句簡化為過去分詞短語作后置定語。
I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜歡看張藝謀導(dǎo)演的電影。
She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校會(huì)上受表彰的那個(gè)女孩。
(4)定語從句簡化為不定式作后置定語。
He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他總是第一個(gè)到校。
The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的報(bào)告對(duì)我們很重要。
(5)定語從句簡化為what 從句。
I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.
我記不得他說的話。
【典型例題解析】
例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought.
A. which B. what C. that D. as
解析 先行詞 book被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo)定語從句,故選C。
例 2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.
A. when B. in which C. that D. for which
解析 本題指時(shí)間,故選 A。
例 3 The book______ is sold out at the moment.
A. you need B. what you need
C. which you need it D. that you need it
解析 B、C、D中的what和it與先行The book相抵觸 , 故選 A。
例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
解析 本題指地點(diǎn),故選 C。
例 5 I'm one of the boys _________ never late for school.
A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is
解析 本題中 who用作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞與先行詞the boys保持一致,故選B。
【選講例題】
例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.
A. whom B. that C. which D. who is
解析 非限制性定語從句中 , 關(guān)系代詞用 which,不用that,但指人時(shí)用who或whom.故選A。
例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language is not English.
A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose
解析 whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,whose用作定語,故選D。
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