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2015年托福閱讀事實(shí)信息題解題策略
事實(shí)信息/細(xì)節(jié)題【Factual Information Questions (3 to 6 questions per set)】這可能是托福閱讀考試中，除去詞匯題，占到最大比重的一種題型。托福閱讀考試一般是每篇文章12-14道題，尤其一篇文章如果考察14道題，卻出現(xiàn)了6道細(xì)節(jié)題，這個(gè)比重之大值得引起考生的注意。而且事實(shí)信息題的難度浮動(dòng)性特別大，也就是說，有的細(xì)節(jié)題非常簡單，有的卻很難。所以考生到最后沖刺刷題階段，在進(jìn)行錯(cuò)題統(tǒng)計(jì)的時(shí)候會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，錯(cuò)題比例最多的仍然是細(xì)節(jié)題。細(xì)節(jié)題和詞匯題加起來可以構(gòu)成整個(gè)托福閱讀考試題目的半壁江山，是我們?nèi)〉猛懈ｉ喿x高分的基礎(chǔ)，因此，我們不得不想辦法攻克這種題型。
細(xì)節(jié)題本身考試技巧性比較弱，更多地是考察學(xué)生的基本功，即詞匯量，長難句閱讀能力，同意替換能力，所以想要取得高分的同學(xué)仍然需要提高自己的語言能力。細(xì)節(jié)題的問題一般就是純粹的事實(shí)層面上的問題，主要問作者說了什么?哪些信息是真的?解題的時(shí)候，80%左右的細(xì)節(jié)題都只需要閱讀文章中一兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵的句子就足夠解題了。這就意味著考生要根據(jù)題干中提供的關(guān)鍵詞，回到原文中精準(zhǔn)地找到解題的關(guān)鍵句子，讀懂了之后，就能快速地把細(xì)節(jié)題解對(duì)而無需閱讀全文或者全段。
細(xì)節(jié)題做題的流程相對(duì)比較簡單：首先閱讀問題，找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞;其次根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞/定位詞(key words)回到原文中定位，閱讀跟關(guān)鍵詞所有有關(guān)的信息;最后回到選項(xiàng)中，判斷選項(xiàng)正誤。正確選項(xiàng)往往是對(duì)原文信息的同意替換，而錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)要么是原文中沒有提及的或者是修改歪曲原文內(nèi)容。
典型的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)有以下幾種情況：1)原文中定位內(nèi)容沒有出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)化詞匯或者比較級(jí)，但是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)這種無端的比較。2)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了定位信息以外的內(nèi)容，盡管這些信息在本段落中的確被提及了。3)選項(xiàng)中局部或者全部出現(xiàn)了該段落沒有涉及的信息，專有名詞等等。
下面用TPO3 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer中的三道細(xì)節(jié)題來演練下此題的做題方式。
Paragraph 4: This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate — that is ,virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply — has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930's, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.
9. According to paragraph 4, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation, Texas
○ Has the greatest amount of farmland being irrigated with Ogallala water
○ Contains the largest amount of Ogallala water underneath the soil
○ Is expected to face the worst water supply crisis as the Ogallala runs dry
○ Uses the least amount of Ogallala water for its irrigation needs
【解析】：
1)讀題，找到關(guān)鍵詞Texas。 一般而言，專有名詞，地點(diǎn)或者是時(shí)間是相對(duì)比較簡單的定位詞，因?yàn)榛氐皆恼覂?nèi)容也比較方便。
2)回到原文找跟Texas有關(guān)的內(nèi)容。“The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.”從中分析出最簡化信息“critical”與“ only 35 to 40 percent”。
3)進(jìn)行選項(xiàng)判斷。C選項(xiàng)“face the worst water supply crisis”與原文“critical”一致，因此C為正確選項(xiàng)。
Paragraph 5：The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.
11. Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?
○ Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.
○ Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.
○ Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.
○ Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
【解析】：
1)讀題，找到定位詞。“difficulty”與“ farmers who try to conserve water”。
2)回到原文中找與定位詞有關(guān)的信息。“The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.”此時(shí)就需要考生過硬的語言能力來分析這句長難句，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)此句表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容是，當(dāng)想要保護(hù)水資源的農(nóng)民知道他們的鄰居正在利用水資源獲取高額利潤，并且整個(gè)地區(qū)的水資源在不斷減少，他們就失去保護(hù)水資源的動(dòng)力了。因此選B。而很多同學(xué)容易錯(cuò)選C， 因?yàn)樵闹械拇_出現(xiàn)了“irrigate less frequently”的字樣，但是跟題目發(fā)問的重點(diǎn)不同，并且原文中并沒有提到“crop failure”, 因此為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。
Paragraph 6：In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed are into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.
12. According to paragraph 6, what is the main disadvantage of the proposed plans to transport river water to the High Plains?
○ The rivers cannot supply sufficient water for the farmer's needs.
○ Increased irrigation costs would make the products too expensive.
○ The costs of using capillary water for irrigation will increase.
○ Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.
【解析】：
1)讀題，找到關(guān)鍵詞。“main disadvantage”與“ transport river water to the High Plains”。
2)回到原文中找到相關(guān)信息。“In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.” 分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個(gè)計(jì)劃的缺陷是“cost would increase tenfold; products uncompetitive.”
3)回到選項(xiàng)中快速地選出B這個(gè)選項(xiàng)。但是根據(jù)課堂教學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)在做這道題目的時(shí)候會(huì)誤選C，因?yàn)樗麄冎魂P(guān)注到了“cost increase”,卻忽略了“using capillary water for irrigation”是段落中提到的第二個(gè)方案，跟題目中所問得transport water 無關(guān)。
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