高考英語(yǔ)備考 高考英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)49題整理
高考英語(yǔ)備考 高考英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞49題(三)
高考臨近,以下是有關(guān)高考英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一些重要?dú)w納,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!
31. After describing the planned improvements, she went on _______ how much they would cost.
A. to explain B. explaining
C. to be explaining D. having explained
32. Please excuse me _______ your letter by mistake.
A. to open B. to have opened
C. for opening D. in opening
33. Please remember _______ the plants while I’m away.
A. watering B. to be watering
C. to water D. being watering
34. Certainly I posted your letter — I remember ______ it.
A. posting B. to post
C. to be posting D. have posted
35. Stop _______ me to hurry up. I can only go so fast.
A. to tell B. telling
C. to have told D. having told
36. Remember _______ off the light when _______ to bed.
A. turning, going B. to turn, to go
C. turning, to go D. to turn, going
37. _______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give
C. Giving D. Given
38. _______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Being founded B. It was founded
C. Founded D. Founding
39. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the ________.
A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain
C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars
40. The picture _______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung B. hanging
C. hangs D. being hung
41. With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. setting
C. to settle D. being settled
42. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen
C. seeing D. seen
43. Tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party.
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
44. “Good morning. Can I help you?” “I’d like to have this package _______.”
A. be weighed B. to be weighed
C. to weigh D. weighed
45. What have we said _______ her so happy?
A. makes B. to make
C. made D. has made
46. What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.
A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed
C his being not allowed D. having not being allowed
47. “Which sweater is yours?” “The one _______ No. 9.”
A. that marked B. was marked with
C. which marked D. marked with
48.If the car won’t start, _____ it.
A. try push B. try pushing
C. to try pushing D. to try to push
49. They stayed up until midnight _____ the old year out and the new year in.
A. and saw B. to see
C. seeing D. for seeing
高考狀元經(jīng)驗(yàn)談:高一英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)方法
編者按:小編為大家收集發(fā)布了高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法:高考狀元經(jīng)驗(yàn)談:高一英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)方法,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
高考狀元經(jīng)驗(yàn)談:高一英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)方法
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)從聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四個(gè)方面入手。
1、 聽(tīng)什么
聽(tīng)錄音。要想提高英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力,僅靠課堂上的錄音是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,課下也要大量聽(tīng)錄音。錄音不應(yīng)該選擇過(guò)于難的,最好是和英語(yǔ)教科書(shū)配套的錄音資料。要選擇原聲材料,這樣可以糾正發(fā)音。
聽(tīng)英代節(jié)目。電視有英語(yǔ)新聞,收音機(jī)有英代講座,這都是相當(dāng)好的聽(tīng)力材料,而且它們的發(fā)音都比較純正,比如英國(guó)的 BBC 英代廣播等,經(jīng)常聽(tīng)這些英語(yǔ)節(jié)目,對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)是大有裨益的。剛開(kāi)始可能聽(tīng)不懂,但不要著急,只要堅(jiān)持不懈,就會(huì)逐漸聽(tīng)懂的。
另外,如果條件允許,還可以多和外國(guó)人進(jìn)行交談,這樣對(duì)提高聽(tīng)力的幫助更大。
2、 怎樣說(shuō)
語(yǔ)言的最重要的作用之一就是交流,說(shuō)是交流最常用的方式。要學(xué)好英語(yǔ),一定要多說(shuō)多練,要敢于用英語(yǔ)同別人進(jìn)行交流。交流時(shí),注意美式英語(yǔ)和英式英語(yǔ)的區(qū)別,注意語(yǔ)勢(shì)、詞調(diào)等,還要特別注意自己的發(fā)音。
英語(yǔ)課上要盡量說(shuō)英語(yǔ),少說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)。
日常生活中也要多說(shuō)。為什么我們的漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)得這么流暢哪?因?yàn)槲覀兲焯煸谡f(shuō),時(shí)時(shí)在用,學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)也一樣,一定要多說(shuō)、勤說(shuō)、抓住一切機(jī)會(huì)說(shuō)。
3、讀什么
讀是英語(yǔ)四大基本技能之一,被很多專(zhuān)家和有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的英代學(xué)者視為最有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法。
多讀單詞、短語(yǔ)、句型,多讀課代。在多讀的基礎(chǔ)上背誦課代是比較好的。書(shū)讀百遍,其義自見(jiàn),講的就是這個(gè)道理。
多讀是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)比較有效的方法,它可以使你熟悉單詞、短語(yǔ)、句型、增加詞匯,能夠提高判斷能力、聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力和閱讀速度,同時(shí)能夠加強(qiáng)口語(yǔ),培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感。
4、怎樣寫(xiě)
抄寫(xiě)課代是比較好的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法。抄的時(shí)候,眼、耳、口、手、腦全要工作,眼睛看著,耳朵聽(tīng)著,口里念著,手下寫(xiě)著,腦袋里思考著。同時(shí)用英代寫(xiě)日記、記隨感,也能提高我們的英語(yǔ)水平。
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)要將聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四種能力綜合起來(lái),才更見(jiàn)效。
淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的培養(yǎng)
摘要:終身學(xué)習(xí)是社會(huì)每個(gè)成員為適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展和實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體發(fā)展的需要,為此,每個(gè)社會(huì)成員都應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)并掌握自主學(xué)習(xí)、自我教育的能力。新課程改革也強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變,倡導(dǎo)構(gòu)建以學(xué)生為主體的自主學(xué)習(xí)模式。因此,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的自主性、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力,是我們當(dāng)前應(yīng)積極探究的一個(gè)重要課題。本文結(jié)合作者的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐,認(rèn)為學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、學(xué)習(xí)信心、學(xué)習(xí)方法、學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,是培養(yǎng)、構(gòu)建學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的重要因素,并就此作一些初步的探索。
關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)自主學(xué)習(xí)興趣信心方法習(xí)慣
21世紀(jì)科技不斷發(fā)展,新知識(shí)、新技術(shù)不斷涌現(xiàn),學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、終身學(xué)習(xí)成為人們生存和發(fā)展的需要。因此,我們基礎(chǔ)教育階段的學(xué)校教育重點(diǎn)在于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)、自我教育的能力,使之學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)。
新課程改革也強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變,倡導(dǎo)構(gòu)建以教師為主導(dǎo)、學(xué)生為主體的“自主學(xué)習(xí)”模式,在《基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革綱要》中提出了“……教學(xué)過(guò)程中應(yīng)……注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的獨(dú)立性和自主性……促進(jìn)學(xué)生在教師指導(dǎo)下主動(dòng)地、富有個(gè)性地學(xué)習(xí)”,英語(yǔ)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也明確規(guī)定,基礎(chǔ)教育階段英語(yǔ)課程的任務(wù)是“激發(fā)和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣,使學(xué)生樹(shù)立自信心,養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣和形成有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略,發(fā)展自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力和合作精神……為他們終身學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展打下良好的基礎(chǔ)”。
作為世界通用語(yǔ)言,英語(yǔ)在我國(guó)有成千上萬(wàn)的人在學(xué)習(xí),然而因?yàn)槿狈α己玫慕浑H使用環(huán)境,難以“習(xí)得”,主要還是通過(guò)“學(xué)習(xí)”這一方式。因此英語(yǔ)的教與學(xué)相當(dāng)關(guān)鍵,特別是學(xué)習(xí)者的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,對(duì)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)效果至關(guān)重要——正如著名外語(yǔ)教學(xué)專(zhuān)家M .韋斯特所說(shuō):“外語(yǔ)是學(xué)會(huì)的,不是教會(huì)的”。
綜上所述,英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程中,重點(diǎn)不在于我們教會(huì)了學(xué)生多少單詞或幾個(gè)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn),而在于如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。當(dāng)然,自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的養(yǎng)成,不是一朝一夕的事情,需要不斷地進(jìn)行科學(xué)的“教育干預(yù)”,更需要符合學(xué)習(xí)者自身的學(xué)習(xí)策略的指導(dǎo)。結(jié)合英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐,我認(rèn)為激發(fā)興趣、樹(shù)立信心、傳授方法、培養(yǎng)習(xí)慣是促成學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力發(fā)展的有效手段。
一、學(xué)習(xí)興趣的激發(fā)
興趣是一種帶有情緒色彩的認(rèn)識(shí)傾向,是推動(dòng)人去認(rèn)識(shí)事物、探索真理的一種重要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)。當(dāng)學(xué)生對(duì)某一學(xué)科產(chǎn)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣時(shí),他就會(huì)產(chǎn)生力求掌握知識(shí)的理智感,使大腦感官處于最活躍狀態(tài) 高三,引起學(xué)習(xí)中的高度注意,使思維更加活躍、想象更加豐富、記憶更加牢固,能抑制疲勞,產(chǎn)生愉快情緒,能夠最佳地接受教學(xué)信息。因此,新課程十分關(guān)注學(xué)生的情緒生活和情感體驗(yàn),課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更把激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣,使學(xué)生嘗到學(xué)習(xí)的樂(lè)趣作為重要的目標(biāo)提了出來(lái)。
那么,在教學(xué)過(guò)程中如何激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、使學(xué)生感興趣地進(jìn)行自主學(xué)習(xí)呢?我認(rèn)為,有趣的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容、快樂(lè)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程是激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣的重要因素——有樂(lè)趣,才會(huì)有興趣,正如英語(yǔ)的一句諺語(yǔ)"Education must be fun"。因此,新課程在教材內(nèi)容上盡量遴選學(xué)生喜聞樂(lè)見(jiàn)的事件,同時(shí)注意教材的開(kāi)放性和彈性,在合理安排基本課程內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,給地方、學(xué)校、老師留有選擇、開(kāi)發(fā)的空間和余地,允許教師根據(jù)需要自由刪減、補(bǔ)充、替換教材教學(xué)內(nèi)容。此外,教學(xué)過(guò)程中,教師也應(yīng)注意采取靈活多樣、生動(dòng)有趣的教學(xué)方法、手段,講講笑話、做做游戲、排演小品、觀摩影視作品等。例如,在給學(xué)生講英語(yǔ)的同音詞two/too/to的時(shí)候,我給學(xué)生講了這么一個(gè)故事:
話說(shuō)有個(gè)英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者,剛剛學(xué)完one two three four five。一天上街坐公交車(chē),不小心踩了一老外的腳,于是趕緊說(shuō)了一句:"I am sorry"。老外心想公交這么擠,踩踏難免的,禮節(jié)性地回了一句:"I am sorry too"。這人一聽(tīng)"sorry two"?,嘿,跟我較勁比客氣?于是沖口就來(lái):"I am sorry three!"老外一愣,懵了:"What are you sorry for?"這人一聽(tīng)"sorry four",心想,four都出來(lái)了,咱中國(guó)禮儀之邦,可不能輸給他,于是趕緊更誠(chéng)懇地說(shuō):"ok,I am sorry Five!!! "
通過(guò)這個(gè)笑話,學(xué)生在歡笑之余也知道了two/too,four/for這兩組同音詞,課堂氛圍隨之活躍,學(xué)習(xí)興趣也被調(diào)動(dòng)起來(lái)。
二、學(xué)習(xí)信心的樹(shù)立
自信亦稱自信心,是一個(gè)人相信自己的能力的心理狀態(tài),是對(duì)自己實(shí)力的正確估計(jì)和積極肯定,是心理健康的一種表現(xiàn),是學(xué)習(xí)、事業(yè)成功的有利心理?xiàng)l件。
做任何事情,僅僅有興趣是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,如果缺乏信心,那么,這樣的興趣是不能持久的,學(xué)習(xí)更是如此。很多人可能都有這樣的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn):對(duì)于一門(mén)學(xué)科,在我們剛剛接觸并學(xué)習(xí)它的時(shí)候并不會(huì)討厭它,對(duì)某個(gè)學(xué)科的厭煩甚至抵觸的心理是在學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中逐漸產(chǎn)生并惡化的。教學(xué)內(nèi)容枯燥乏味,課堂教學(xué)單調(diào)沉悶是造成這一問(wèn)題的原因之一。而另一個(gè)主要的原因在于學(xué)生感到學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重,對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)失去了信心。
因此,我們應(yīng)注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的自信心。當(dāng)學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)充滿自信,學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)其而言,將不再是種負(fù)擔(dān),學(xué)習(xí)也才能更積極、更主動(dòng)。
那么,如何培養(yǎng)、增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)自信呢?在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程中,我認(rèn)為應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn):
1. 包容錯(cuò)誤,不過(guò)度糾偏
鼓勵(lì)是幫助初學(xué)者克服學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)困難的良好方法,在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言過(guò)程中,出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤是難免的,對(duì)此老師要給予包容,不要輕易責(zé)備學(xué)習(xí)有困難的學(xué)生,不要生硬地糾正學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤,就像我們每個(gè)人牙牙學(xué)語(yǔ)時(shí)父母對(duì)我們的鼓勵(lì)讓我們最終學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)話,老師的包容能夠讓學(xué)生有更好的勇氣和信心學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。因此,在情景對(duì)話或者書(shū)面表達(dá)中,當(dāng)學(xué)生出現(xiàn)"I go to school yestoday"、"He did not asks me"這樣的表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤時(shí),我沒(méi)有當(dāng)場(chǎng)生硬地打斷或特別揪出來(lái)做更正,只是稍加提示;因?yàn)閷?duì)于這類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤,學(xué)生能明白也能糾正,只是沒(méi)有養(yǎng)成正確的使用習(xí)慣而已。當(dāng)然,發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生始終出現(xiàn)這種錯(cuò)誤時(shí),則應(yīng)結(jié)合具體語(yǔ)境讓學(xué)生有更多的機(jī)會(huì)去操練,直到他們?cè)谑褂玫倪^(guò)程中形成正確的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣。
2. 重視學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)
蘇霍姆林斯基的最近發(fā)展區(qū)理論告訴我們,教學(xué)過(guò)程中要注意學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)上的最近發(fā)展區(qū),形象地說(shuō)就是要讓學(xué)生"跳一跳,夠得著",這也正是新課程改革所強(qiáng)調(diào)的,教學(xué)要重視學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),并在此基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)生知識(shí)的"正遷移",促成學(xué)生掌握新的知識(shí)。
因此,在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程中,我反復(fù)教育學(xué)生,要學(xué)會(huì)用學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)文的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),畢竟語(yǔ)言有很多地方是共通的。例如,在教學(xué)國(guó)際音標(biāo)時(shí),我就引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將其與小學(xué)學(xué)過(guò)的漢語(yǔ)拼音對(duì)照著學(xué)習(xí),先回顧朗讀拼音字母,讓學(xué)生掌握每個(gè)拼音字母的發(fā)音,并參照著學(xué)習(xí)掌握英語(yǔ)音標(biāo)的發(fā)音(如下圖)。
漢語(yǔ)拼音 (英語(yǔ))國(guó)際音標(biāo) 例詞
【韻母】 【元音】
aˉ
a?
aˇ--------------------------/a:/------------- dark
a?--------------------------/∧/------------- duck
【聲母】 【輔音】
b /b/ --------------- big back
p ----音標(biāo)發(fā)音近似拼音發(fā)音去/u?/音---- /p/ ---------------- pig pack
m /m/
再比如音標(biāo)的拼讀,也引導(dǎo)學(xué)生借鑒漢語(yǔ)拼音的拼讀方法,如借鑒漢語(yǔ)"嘿hei"、"嗨hai"學(xué)會(huì)英語(yǔ)單詞"hey /hei/"、"Hi /hai/"的拼讀。同時(shí),為了讓學(xué)生感受到英語(yǔ)音標(biāo)發(fā)音與漢語(yǔ)拼音拼讀的共同點(diǎn),我給學(xué)生講了下面的這個(gè)笑話:
話說(shuō)有兩個(gè)乞丐沿街乞討,一個(gè)是四肢健全的瞎子,一個(gè)是腿腳殘疾的明眼人,兩人都深感殘疾給他們乞討帶來(lái)的不便。為此兩人決定進(jìn)行合作,由瞎子背著腿腳殘疾的那個(gè),腿腳殘疾的那個(gè)給瞎子乞丐指路,兩人四處游走乞討,兩個(gè)人的乞討收入比以前好多了。一天兩人正沿街乞討,收獲頗豐,走著走著,忽然聽(tīng)到背上的那個(gè)乞丐急促的唱到”gou gou gou”,背人的那個(gè)瞎子乞丐心想,伙伴今天心情不錯(cuò)嘛,還唱起歌”go go go”來(lái)了,于是他馬上接唱道:“Go, go, go,Ale, ale, ale”。背上的那個(gè)乞丐更急了,“gou gou gou”,背人的那個(gè)瞎子乞丐繼續(xù)接唱“GoGoGoGo,Here we go!” 結(jié)果,兩人撲通一聲一起掉溝【gou】里去了。這就是英語(yǔ)單詞Go /g?u/與漢字‘溝’(gou)同音帶來(lái)的誤會(huì)。
三、(老師)學(xué)習(xí)方法的指導(dǎo)
中國(guó)有句古話叫“授之以魚(yú)不如授之以漁”,說(shuō)的是傳授給人既有的知識(shí),不如傳授給人學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)的方法。我們要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行自主學(xué)習(xí),培養(yǎng)其自主學(xué)習(xí)、終身學(xué)習(xí)的能力,平時(shí)在教學(xué)過(guò)程中就要加強(qiáng)對(duì)其進(jìn)行方法指導(dǎo)。當(dāng)他們掌握了方法、掌握自主學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)具備的基本功,他們才能夠真正有效地進(jìn)行自主學(xué)習(xí)。
例如,很多學(xué)生背記單詞都是采用字母拼讀法,比如,背記book這個(gè)單詞,他們往往是"b-o-o-k,book"這樣記,當(dāng)單詞數(shù)量放大之后,這種記憶方法的弊端馬上顯現(xiàn)出來(lái),很容易出現(xiàn)增減字母或者字母次序混淆的現(xiàn)象,而英語(yǔ)單詞,細(xì)微的字母差別,可能單詞天差地別。比如,"god"和"dog",如果字母拼讀法,單詞量一多,學(xué)生很可能都分不清到底哪個(gè)單詞是"上帝"哪個(gè)是"狗"。因此,我反復(fù)和學(xué)生講,背記單詞要采用發(fā)音拼讀法,即根據(jù)發(fā)音規(guī)律去掌握單詞的拼寫(xiě)。此外,我還告訴學(xué)生,英語(yǔ)單詞的學(xué)習(xí)要注意融入語(yǔ)境,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)有很多約定俗成的表達(dá),剝離了具體得語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,很容易出現(xiàn)謬誤。比如,你不能把"How are you"、"How old are you?"當(dāng)中的單詞一個(gè)一個(gè)剝離開(kāi)來(lái),自己逐個(gè)查單詞,翻譯成"怎么是你?"、"怎么老是你?",看似很通,其實(shí)謬矣。再比如,rain cats and dogs 的含意為"下傾盆大雨" 而不是什么"下雨貓和狗"。
讓學(xué)生做情景對(duì)話時(shí),有的學(xué)生擔(dān)心自己發(fā)音不準(zhǔn)、表達(dá)不流暢而推說(shuō)“我不會(huì)”,我就和他們講:“你不會(huì),所以才要學(xué)、要練,你說(shuō)得不夠好,是因?yàn)槟氵練得不夠,像"how are you " 、"how do you do" 、 "sorry, I don’t know" 你們就可以說(shuō)得很好,而你們的父母可能一句都說(shuō)不出來(lái),因?yàn)檫@些你們覺(jué)得簡(jiǎn)單的句子你們已經(jīng)操練過(guò)多變遍。我們中國(guó)自古有云"書(shū)讀百遍,其義自見(jiàn)",這道出了語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的真諦,那就是多練習(xí)朗讀,用不了100遍,你就會(huì)有語(yǔ)感了,自然而然你就掌握了相關(guān)的表達(dá)方法。如鸚鵡學(xué)舌,模仿重復(fù)、多講多練,就是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的不二法寶,鸚鵡能夠都學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)人話,難道我們還比不上一只鳥(niǎo),學(xué)不好英語(yǔ)?”。
四、(學(xué)生)學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成
在自主學(xué)習(xí)模式下,學(xué)生是自我指導(dǎo)、自我調(diào)節(jié)、自我激勵(lì)的學(xué)習(xí)者,因此,良好的`學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣對(duì)促進(jìn)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)至關(guān)重要。學(xué)生由于其年齡身心發(fā)展特點(diǎn),其習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成,需要教師不懈地指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)督,促使學(xué)生自我對(duì)照檢查、強(qiáng)化。以下幾個(gè)方面的習(xí)慣是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中要努力養(yǎng)成的:
、耪n前預(yù)習(xí)的習(xí)慣。
預(yù)習(xí)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的最有效的手段。預(yù)習(xí)可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察能力、思維能力、想象能力和發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的能力。
⑵及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)的習(xí)慣。
課后復(fù)習(xí)是進(jìn)一步消化理解,鞏固記憶,把所學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行條理化、系統(tǒng)化的過(guò)程,也是與遺忘作斗爭(zhēng)的過(guò)程,是搞好學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。
、仟(dú)立作業(yè)的習(xí)慣。
獨(dú)立完成作業(yè)是學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)自己獨(dú)立思考,自覺(jué)靈活地分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題,進(jìn)一步加深和鞏固對(duì)新知識(shí)的理解和對(duì)新技能的掌握的過(guò)程。
⑷課外自學(xué)的習(xí)慣。
課外自學(xué)是一種內(nèi)容可以自由選擇、方式靈活多樣的學(xué)習(xí)方式,是對(duì)學(xué)生課內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)的補(bǔ)充和延續(xù)。特別是英語(yǔ)這種課程,課堂上的知識(shí)容量、練習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)畢竟有限,更需要從課后自己通過(guò)電視、廣播、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等媒體創(chuàng)設(shè)相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境和實(shí)踐練習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)。
⑸英語(yǔ)思維的習(xí)慣
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最最重要的是英語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣的培養(yǎng)。學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)過(guò)程中最大的障礙不是詞匯,不是語(yǔ)法,不是句型結(jié)構(gòu),而是英語(yǔ)的思維習(xí)慣。如果我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)過(guò)程中無(wú)法領(lǐng)會(huì)英語(yǔ)思維的話,而用我們的中國(guó)人思維去遣詞造句,必然只能說(shuō)出來(lái)讓老外摸不著頭腦,只有中國(guó)人能聽(tīng)得懂的Chinglish。
比如,"我和湯姆將去看電影"我們不能直譯成" I and Tom will go to see a film. "
再比如,面對(duì)別人的表?yè)P(yáng)和贊美,我們不能按照中國(guó)的思維習(xí)慣,表達(dá)謙虛,直譯成"where,where(哪里,哪里) "或"No,No(不,不) ",而應(yīng)遵循英語(yǔ)思維的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,回應(yīng)一句"Thank you"。
結(jié)語(yǔ)
蘇霍姆林斯基說(shuō)過(guò):“只有能夠激發(fā)學(xué)生去進(jìn)行自我教育的教育,才是真正的教育”。我們教育學(xué)生最終就是要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自我教育、自我發(fā)展的能力。因此,世紀(jì)之初,面對(duì)新課程改革的要求,我們應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮教師的主導(dǎo)作用,在教學(xué)過(guò)程中利用多種策略去激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、信心,指導(dǎo)他們養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)、發(fā)展他們的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,從而讓每一個(gè)人都能夠適性發(fā)展,更好地適應(yīng)社會(huì)、時(shí)代發(fā)展的要求。
參考文獻(xiàn)
、僦炷骄.走進(jìn)新課程—與課程實(shí)施者對(duì)話[M].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2002
、诮逃炕A(chǔ)教育司. 基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革綱要(試行)[M].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2001
③教育部基礎(chǔ)教育司.全日制義務(wù)教育普通高級(jí)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[S]. 北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2001
④龐維國(guó).論學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)[M].北京:教育科學(xué)出版社,2001
英語(yǔ)高考寫(xiě)作備考 “三十六計(jì)”的英文表達(dá)
高考臨近,以下是“三十六計(jì)”的英文表達(dá),希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!
瞞天過(guò)海crossing the sea under camouflage
圍魏救趙relieving the state of Zhao by besieging the state of Wei
借刀殺人killing someone with a borrowed knife
以逸待勞waiting at one’s ease for the exhausted enemy
趁火打劫plundering a burning house
聲東擊西making a feint to the east and attacking in the west
無(wú)中生有creating something out of nothing
暗渡陳倉(cāng)advancing secretly by an unknown path
隔岸觀火watching a fire from the other side of the river
笑里藏刀covering the dagger with a smile
李代桃僵palming off substitute for the real thing
順手牽羊picking up something in passing
打草驚蛇beating the grass to frighten the snake
借尸還魂resurrecting a dead soul by borrowing a corpse
調(diào)虎離山luring the tiger out of his den
欲擒故縱letting the enemy off in order to catch him
拋磚引玉giving the enemy something to induce him to lose more valuable things
擒賊擒王capturing the ringleader first in order to capture all the followers
釜底抽薪extracting the firewood from under the cauldron
混水摸魚(yú)muddling the water to catch the fish; fishing in troubled waters
金蟬脫殼slipping away by casting off a cloak; getting away like the cicada sloughing its skin
關(guān)門(mén)捉賊catching the thief by closing / blocking his escape route
遠(yuǎn)交近攻befriending the distant enemy while attacking a nearby enemy
假途伐虢attacking the enemy by passing through a common neighbor
偷梁換柱stealing the beams and pillars and replacing them with rotten timbers
指桑罵槐reviling/ abusing the locust tree while pointing to the mulberry
假癡不癲feigning madness without becoming insane
上屋抽梯removing the ladder after the enemy has climbed up the roof
樹(shù)上開(kāi)花putting artificial flowers on trees
反客為主turning from the guest into the host
美人計(jì)using seductive women to corrupt the enemy
空城計(jì)presenting a bold front to conceal unpreparedness
反間計(jì)sowing discord among the enemy
苦肉計(jì)deceiving the enemy by torturing one’s own man
連環(huán)計(jì)coordinating one stratagem with another
走為上decamping being the best; running away as the best choice
高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法:高中英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典句型
【摘要】鑒于大家對(duì)高中頻道十分關(guān)注,小編在此為大家搜集整理了此文“高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法:高中英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典句型”,供大家參考!
高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法:高中英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典句型
高考英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典句型幫你闖過(guò)寫(xiě)作和語(yǔ)法關(guān)
1、as 句型:
(1) as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句句型:“按照……;正如……”
例:We do farm work as the old peasant teaches us.
As(it is)in your country, we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south. 正如(像) 你們國(guó)家一樣,我們北方種植小麥,南方種植水稻。
(2) as+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)+(a /an)+名詞+as ;
否定式:not as/so --- as
例:He is as good a player as his sister.
他和他姐姐一樣是位優(yōu)秀的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。
(3) such + n. + as to do 如此……以致于……
例:She is such a fool as to believe what he said.
她是一個(gè)如此的一個(gè)笨蛋以致相信了他所說(shuō)的話。
(4) so + adj./adv. + as to do sth 如此……以致于……
例:He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.
他是如此的強(qiáng)壯以致于能提起那重箱子。
(5) such --- as--- 象……之類(lèi)的…… (接名詞或定語(yǔ)從句)
例:He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.
他希望成為一個(gè)像雷鋒這樣的人。
(6) the same +名詞+as 和……一樣的…… (接名詞或定語(yǔ)從句)
例:He is not the same man as he used to be 他不是從前的那樣子了。
(7) as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
例:As is known to us, knowledge is power.眾所周知,知識(shí)就是力量。
(8)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。與while意義相近
例:We get wiser as we get older. 隨著我們長(zhǎng)大,我們也變得越來(lái)越聰明。
(9) 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,與because的用法相近
例:As it was getting very late, we soon turned back.
因?yàn)樵絹?lái)越遲了,所以我們不久就回來(lái)了。
(10) 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
例:Child as he is, he knows much about science.
盡管他是一個(gè)小孩,但他對(duì)科學(xué)了解得很多。
2、prefer 句型:
(1) prefer to do sth
例:I prefer to stay at home. 我寧愿呆在家里。
(2) prefer doing sth
例:I prefer playing in defence. 我喜歡打防守。
(3) prefer sb to do sth
例:Would you prefer me to stay? 你愿意我留下來(lái)嗎?
(4) prefer to do sth rather than do sth ……寧愿…...而不愿.…".
例句:I prefer to stay at home rather than go out
我寧愿呆在家里而不愿出去.
(5) prefer doing sth to doing sth
例:I prefer watching football to playing it.
我喜歡看籃球,不喜歡打籃球。
(6) prefer sth to sth
例:I prefer tea to coffee. 我要茶不要咖啡。
3、when 句型:
(1) be doing sth ---- when ---
例:He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
他正笑著的時(shí)候門(mén)突然開(kāi)了,他妻子走了進(jìn)來(lái)。
(2) be about to do sth --- when ---
例:We were about to start when it began to rain.
我們剛要出發(fā),天就開(kāi)始下雨了。
(3) had not done sth --- when ---/ hardly --- when ---
例: He had not fallen asleep when the telephone rang.
他剛要入睡電話就響了。
(4) had just done ---- when ---
例:I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang.
在勞累了一天之后我剛剛就寢,電話鈴就響了。
4、seem 句型:
(1) It +seems + that從句
例:It seemed that everyone was satisfied. 看來(lái)好像每個(gè)人都很滿意。
(2) It seems to sb that ---
例:It seems to me that she is right. 我看她是對(duì)的,
(3) There seems to be ----
例:There seems to be a heavy rain. 看上去要有一場(chǎng)大雨。
(4) It seems as if ----
例:It seemed that she couldn't come to class.看樣子她不能來(lái)上課了。
5、表示“相差……;增加了……;增加到……”句型:
(1) She is taller than I by three inches. 她比我高三英寸
(2) There is one year between us. 我們之間相差一歲。
(3) She is three years old than I 她比我大三歲。
(4) They have increased the price by 50%. 他們把價(jià)格上漲了50%
6、what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句
(1) what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句
例:What surprised me is that everybody seemed to be very indifferent to her.
讓我吃驚的是每個(gè)人似乎對(duì)她都很冷淡.
[ indifferent adj.不關(guān)心的;冷漠的]
(2) what 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句
例:We can learn what we do not know. 我們能學(xué)會(huì)我們不懂的東西。
(3) what 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句
例:That is what I want. 那正是我所要的。
(4) what 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句
例:I have no idea what they are talking about. 我不知道他們正在談?wù)撌裁?
7、too句型:
(1) too...to do sth.
例:Politics is too important to be left to the politicians.
(=Politics is so important that it can't be left to the politicians.)
政治太重要了,不能由政治家來(lái)決定。
(2) only too --- to do sth
例:I shall be only too pleased to get home. 我要回到家里就非常高興。
(3) too + adj + for sth
例:These shoes are much too small for me. 我穿這雙鞋太小了。
(4) too + adj + a + n.
例:This is too difficult a text for me. 這篇課文對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)太難了。
(5) can't … too +形容詞 無(wú)論……也不為過(guò)
例:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我們?cè)僭趺磸?qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)眼睛的重要性也不為過(guò)。
8、where 句型:
(1) where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
例:This is the house where he lived last year. 這就是他去年住過(guò)的房子。
(2) where 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句
例:Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。
He left his key where he could find.他將鑰匙放在易找到的地方。
I will go where I want to go.我要去我想去的地方。
(3) where 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句
例:This is where you are wrong. 這正是你錯(cuò)的地方。
注:引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的where= 介詞+the place where (定語(yǔ)從句)
例:Go where(ver) you are most needed.到最需要你的地方去。
9、wish 句型
(1) wish that sb did sth 希望某人現(xiàn)在做某事
例:I wish I were as strong as you. 我希望和你一樣強(qiáng)壯。
(2) wish that sb had done sth 希望某人過(guò)去做某事
例: I wish you had told me earlier 要是你早點(diǎn)告訴我就好了。
(3) wish that sb would/could do sth 希望某人將來(lái)做某事
例:I wish you would succeed this time. 我希望你這次會(huì)成功。
10、would rather 句型:
(1) would rather do sth than do sth 寧愿做……而不愿做……
例:She would rather die than turn against his motherland.
她寧可死也不去背叛祖國(guó)。
(2) would rather have done sth 寧愿過(guò)去做過(guò)某事
例:I would rather have taken his advice. 我寧愿過(guò)去接受他的意見(jiàn)。
(3) would rather sb had done sth 寧愿某人過(guò)去做過(guò)某事
例:I would rather I had passed the examination last week.
我真希望通過(guò)上星期的考試
(4) would rather sb did sth 寧愿某人現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)做某事
例: Who would you rather went with you? 你寧愿誰(shuí)和你一起去?
11、before 句型:
(1) before sb can/ could … 某人還沒(méi)來(lái)得及……
例:Before I could get in a word ,he had measured me.
我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及插話,他就給我量好了尺寸
(2) It will be +時(shí)間+ before + 還有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間……
例:It will be 4 years before he graduates. 他還有四年時(shí)間變畢業(yè)了。
(3) had done some time before (才……)
例:We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.
我們航行了四天四夜才見(jiàn)到陸地。
(4) had not done --- before --- 不到……就……
例:We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.
我們還沒(méi)走到一英里路就覺(jué)得累了。
(5) It was not +一段時(shí)間+ before 不多久就……
例:It wasn’t two years before he left the country.
還沒(méi)到兩年他們離開(kāi)了那國(guó)家。
12、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:
(1) It is /was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who)...
例:It was I who wrote to my uncle yesterday.
是我昨天給我叔叔寫(xiě)信的。
(2) Is/was it + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that (who) ...
例:Was it your brother that you met in the street?
在街上你遇見(jiàn)的是你兄弟嗎?
(3) Where/who/what/how等特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + is/was it that ...
例:How is it that you will go to visit her tomorrow?
明天你究竟怎樣去看望她?
(4) do +謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 (強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ))
例:They do know the place well. 他們的確很熟悉那個(gè)地方。
13、用于表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望和計(jì)劃的句型:
(1) should like to/ would like to/ would love to have done sth.
例:You should like to have written to your mother.
你本應(yīng)當(dāng)給你母親寫(xiě)信。
(2) was / were going to do sth.(用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)表示原打算做什么)
例:Lucy was going to watch a basketball match.
Lucy 原打算看一場(chǎng)籃球比賽。
(3) was / were going to have done sth. 表示未完成原來(lái)的計(jì)劃和安排
例:Lily was going to have cleaned her bedroom, but she had no time.
Lily 原打算清理她的臥室,但她沒(méi)時(shí)間。
(4) expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think,
want, wish ...
常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài),在這些詞后接賓語(yǔ)從句或者接不定式的一般形式;
或者用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)后面接不定式的完成形式表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
例:She had supposed him to be very rich. 她原以為他很有錢(qián)。
(5) wish that …h(huán)ad done sth.表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望.
例:I wish he had been here yesterday. 要是他昨天在這兒就好了。
(6) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成時(shí),
表示過(guò)去本該做,打算做,想做而未做的事情.
should have done =ought to have done 本應(yīng)該做而沒(méi)做
would have done = 本來(lái)就會(huì)去做某事而沒(méi)做
could have done = 本可以做某事而沒(méi)做
might have done 本可以做而沒(méi)做
例:They ought to have apologized. 他們本該道歉的。
14、倍數(shù)句型:
(1)倍數(shù)+比較級(jí)+than...,
例:The room is twice larger than that one.這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的兩倍大。
There is 30 times greater chance of being hit by lightening than being attacked by a shark.
(2)倍數(shù)+as+原級(jí)+as...,
例:The room is three times as large as that one.
這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的三倍。
(3)倍數(shù)+the size /height/length /weight /width of...
例:The room is three times the size of that one.
這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的3倍大。
15、 It is ------ that ---- 句型
(1) It is + 名詞 + 從句
It is a fact/an honour --- that +陳述語(yǔ)氣從句
例:It is a fact that the earth moves around the sun.
地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)是事實(shí)。
It is a pity/shame/no wonder that + 虛擬語(yǔ)氣從句
例:It is a pity that he should not come. 他若不來(lái)可真是遺憾。
(2) It is + 形容詞 + 從句
It is natural/important/necessary/strange that + 虛擬語(yǔ)氣從句
例:It is important that enough money be collected to fund the project.
重要的是募集足夠的錢(qián),為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提供資金。
It is obvious/apparent/clear that + 陳述語(yǔ)氣從句
例:It is clear that she doesn't like the dress at all.
這很清楚她一點(diǎn)兒也不喜歡這條裙子。
(3) It + 過(guò)去分詞 + 從句
It is generally/commonly believed /accepted/thought/held that ...
+陳述語(yǔ)氣從句
例:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道樹(shù)木對(duì)我們是不可或缺的。
It is suggested/ordered/desired/requested/decided that +虛擬語(yǔ)氣從句
例句:It is suggested that we should hold a meeting next week.
建議我們下周開(kāi)上會(huì)。
16、It + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + 從句
(1) It seems that
例:It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
看來(lái)Alice根本就不準(zhǔn)備來(lái)參加聚會(huì)了。
(2) It happened that...……很偶然.
例:It happened that I won the football lottery last week.
我上星期偶然中了足彩
(3) It occurred to sb that...
例句:It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem.
我突然想起我知道怎樣解決那個(gè)問(wèn)題.
(4) It appears that....
例: It appears that Tom might change his mind. 看來(lái)湯姆會(huì)改變主意。
17、比較句型:
(1)原級(jí)比較:
例:English is not so difficult a subject as Russia.
英語(yǔ)不是和像俄語(yǔ)一樣難的科目。
Their bones are not as thick as adults’.
他們的骨頭和成年人的不一樣厚。
(2)一方超過(guò)另一方:
例:The weather of this year is a lot hotter than that of last year.
今年的氣候比上一年的氣候要熱得多。
(3)一方不如另一方:
例:The restoration was so bad that it made some of the buildings less secure than they had been before.
修復(fù)工作是如此的糟,以致于它使得一些建筑沒(méi)有以前安全了。
(4) The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~
(愈...愈...)
例:The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力,你愈進(jìn)步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我們書(shū)讀愈多,我們愈有學(xué)問(wèn)。
(5) more…. than…與其說(shuō)…倒不如說(shuō)
例:Smith is more diligent than intelligent.
與其說(shuō)Smith聰明倒不如說(shuō)他勤奮。
(6) no +形容詞比較級(jí)+ than = as +形容詞的反義詞+ as
例:I am no better at English than you. 我的英語(yǔ)不比你好。
(7) that 在前后比較中代替不可數(shù)名詞和特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
例:The traditional picture of St Nicholas is quite different from that
of Father Christmas.
(8) one 在前后比較中代替泛指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
例:I prefer a flat in Beijing to one in Nanjing, because I want to live near
my Mom's. 與南京相比我更喜歡在北京有一套公寓,因?yàn)槲蚁敫覌寢屪∫黄稹?/p>
(9) those 在前后比較中代替 特指的復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
例:Salaries are higher here than those in my country.
這兒的工資比我們國(guó)家的高。
(10) ones 在前后比較中代替泛指的復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
例:Cars do cause us some health problems --- in fact far more serious ones
than mobile phones do.汽車(chē)確實(shí)給我們的身體健康帶來(lái)問(wèn)題,事實(shí)上比手機(jī)造成的問(wèn)題更嚴(yán)重。
18、感嘆句型:
(1) What a + Adj + N + S + V!
例:What an important thing it is to keep our promise!
信守我們的諾言是多么的重要啊!
(2) How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!)
例:How important a thing it is to keep our promise!
遵守諾言是多么重要的事!
(3) How + S + V!
例句:How I want to go to Beijing. 我多么想去北京啊!
19、表法猜測(cè)的句型:
(1) must have done sth 一定做過(guò)某事 否定形式:can't have done
例:She must have come here last night. 她一定是昨晚來(lái)的。
She can't have gone there 她不可能到那兒去。
(2) may have done sth 可能做過(guò)某事 否定形式:may not have done
例:Philip may have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip 可能在這次車(chē)禍中傷得很?chē)?yán)重。
(3) might have done sth 或許做過(guò)某事 否定形式: might not have done
例:She might have known what the bottle contained.
她或許知道這個(gè)瓶子里裝的是什么。
(4) should have done sth 估計(jì)已經(jīng)做了某事
否定形式:should not have done
例:She should have arrived in her office by now.
她此刻估計(jì)已經(jīng)到達(dá)辦公室了。
20、動(dòng)詞不定式常用句型:
(1) It takes / took / will take sb. some time / money to do sth.
某人花/花了/將花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間/多少錢(qián)做某事.
例句:It took me years of hard work to speak good English.
為了講一口流利的英語(yǔ),我花了多年時(shí)間刻苦操練.
(2) It is + adj +for/of sb to do sth
例:Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the
Union. 林肯說(shuō)南方脫離聯(lián)邦是不對(duì)的。
It was careless of Tom to break the cup.
(3) Sb. have / has / had no choice but to do... 某人除了做……別無(wú)選擇.
例句:We had no choice but to take a taxi for we'd missed the last bus.
由于錯(cuò)過(guò)了最后一班公共汽車(chē),除了乘坐的士,我們別無(wú)選擇.
(4) It's not /just like sb. to do sth.……的行為不/正像某人的一貫作風(fēng).
例:lt's not like Jim to be late for class. He regards time as the most
important thing in life.
上課遲到不像吉姆的一貫作風(fēng),他把時(shí)間看作是生命中最重要的.
(5) ....形容詞/副詞+enough to do sth.
例:I was fortunate enough to travel to South Africa..
(6) It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)
例句:It pays to help others. 幫助別人是值得的。
(7) It cost sb some time/money to do sth
例:It must cost a good deal to live here.住這兒一定會(huì)花很多錢(qián)的。
(8) do all he could to do sth
do what he could to do sth
do everything he could to do sth
例:They were doing everything they could to help the fatherland.
他們?cè)诒M最大努力去幫助祖國(guó)。
(9) It is hard to imagine/ say … 很難想象/說(shuō)……
例:It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each
day. 很難想象愛(ài)迪生每天是怎樣工作20小時(shí)的。
It's hard to say whether the plan is practical.
這個(gè)計(jì)劃是否實(shí)際很難說(shuō)。
21、動(dòng)名詞常用句型:
(1) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth.
(有困難做某事)
例:People from the two countries do not have any difficulty in
understanding each other.
來(lái)自那兩個(gè)國(guó)家的人們?cè)谙嗷ダ斫馍鲜菦](méi)有困難的。
(2) upon/on doing sth, 一……就……
例:Upon / On hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he
couldn't say a word.
一聽(tīng)到這個(gè)出乎意料的消息,他驚訝到說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。
(3) There is no/some difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
例:There is no difficulty in solving this social problem.
解決這個(gè)社會(huì)問(wèn)題毫無(wú)困難。
(4) There is no need/use harm/hurry in doing sth
例:There is no need in sending such expensive present.
沒(méi)有必要送這樣貴重的禮物。
(5) spend some time/money (in) doing sth
例:They say children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work.
他們說(shuō)孩子們花太多的時(shí)間在閑聊和玩游戲上,而不是集中在學(xué)習(xí)上。
(6) It's no use / good/ worth doing sth
例:It’s no use talking with him. He won’t listen to you.
跟他談沒(méi)用,他不會(huì)聽(tīng)你的。
(7) It's a waste of time/money/energy doing
例:It's a waste of time watching TV programme as this.
22、as if/though 句型:
例:He spoke to me as if I were deaf.
他那樣給我說(shuō)話,就像我是聾子似的。
The new students talked as though they had been friends for years.
新來(lái)的學(xué)生們說(shuō)話很親熱,就像多年的老朋友似的。
23、‘IF’虛擬條件句
(1) 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反
例:If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.
在Brunei,如果那人用第一個(gè)手指指著的話,那人人都會(huì)認(rèn)為他很不禮貌。
(2) 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
例:If I were in your position, I would call the police immediately.
如果我處在你的位置,我會(huì)立即打電話給警察。
(3) 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反
例:If I had (should have) time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.
如果我明天有空的話,我當(dāng)然會(huì)幫助你的。
(4) 虛擬條件句中的倒裝:
例:Should it rain, the crops would grow better.
如果天下雨的話,莊稼會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
Were I your father, I would not give you the money.
如果我是你父親的話,我就不會(huì)給你那錢(qián)了。
Had it not been for the captain, the ship would have sunk
如果不是那船長(zhǎng)的話,那船就會(huì)沉沒(méi)了。
24、Not --- until 句型
(1) 陳述句 not --- until --- 直到……才
例:Last night I didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock. 昨晚我11點(diǎn)鐘才睡覺(jué)。
(2) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句 It wasn't until…that... 直到……才…….
例:It wasn't until yesterday that I got your letter.
我直到昨天才收到你的來(lái)信.
(3) 倒裝句 Not until...did... 直到……才…….
例:Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我開(kāi)始工作,我才意識(shí)到我已蹉跎了很多歲月.
25、since 句型:
(1) Since + S + 過(guò)去式,S + 現(xiàn)在完成式
例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.
自從他上高中,他一直很用功。
(2) It is + --- + since S +持續(xù)性謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(表否定)
例:It is three years since she lived here. 她已三年不住這兒了。
(3) It is + --- + since S + 瞬間謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(表肯定)
例:It is years since I stopped smoking).我戒煙已經(jīng)數(shù)年了。
26、If only...! 真希望……!若是……那該多好啊!
(1) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式表現(xiàn)在:如:
例:If only I knew his name! 要是我知道他的名字就好了。
(2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表過(guò)去:如:
例:If only we had followed your advice! 我們要是采納你的意見(jiàn)就好了。
(3) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用could/would表將來(lái):如:
例:If only I could see him again! 要是我能再看到他多好啊!
If only she would accept my invitation!
要是她接受我的邀請(qǐng)?jiān)摱嗪冒?
27、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:
(1) Adj./n./adv. + as/ though+ Subject(主詞)+ be, S + V~~~ (雖然...)
例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means
satisfactory.
雖然我們的國(guó)家富有,我們的生活品質(zhì)絕對(duì)令人不滿意。
(2) No matter what等特殊疑問(wèn)詞... …無(wú)論什么…….
例句:No matter what happens, I'll always stand by you.
不論發(fā)生什么事,我都永遠(yuǎn)支持你.
(3) However + adj/adv + S + V, 盡管……
例:You won't be able to do it alone, however much you try.
不論你多努力,你一個(gè)人也做不來(lái)。
(4) whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever + S + V,無(wú)論什么/哪里……
例:Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都會(huì)想到你。
(5) whether … or not
例:Whether you like it or not, you'll have to do it.
不管你喜歡不喜歡,你必須做這件事。
(6) even if/though
例:Even if/Even though the exercise is very difficult, you must do it.
即使那練習(xí)很難,你都必須做。
28、違反常規(guī)的冠詞位置句型:
(1) so/as/that/too/how +adj. + a/an + n.
例:He is as good a student as you. 他和你一樣是個(gè)好學(xué)生。
This is too difficult a problem for me.對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)這是一個(gè)太難的問(wèn)題。
You can hardly imagine how clever a boy he is.
你幾乎想象不到那孩子有多聰明。
(2) quite/rather/what/such/many + a/an +(adj) +n
例:She sang quite a beautiful song. 她的歌唱得很漂亮。
He was such a fool as to believe what she said.
他是這樣的一個(gè)笨蛋以致于相信了她說(shuō)的話。
(3) all/both/half/twice the + n
例:All the students in her class like her very much.
她班上所有的學(xué)生都喜歡她。
29、表示最高級(jí)的句型:
(1) Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V
例:Nothing is more important than to receive education.
沒(méi)有比接受教育更重要的事。
(2) no one (nobody, nothing)+so/as+原級(jí)+as
例:Nobody is so blind as those who will not see.
沒(méi)有人像那些視而不見(jiàn)的人如此的瞎了。
(3) 比較級(jí)+than+any other +名詞單數(shù)
比較級(jí)+than +anything(anyone)else
比較級(jí)+than + any of the others
例:Bamboo probably has more uses than any other plant in the world.
(4) 否定詞 +比較級(jí)
例:It can’t be worse. 這是最糟的
I can’t agree any more.我非常同意。
(5) be the last ----
例:This is the last thing I want to do. 這是我最不想干的事。
30、more --- than 句型:
(1) more --- than 與其……不如……
例:He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
在工作上與其說(shuō)他慢不如說(shuō)他懶。
(2) more than 超過(guò);不僅僅是;非常
例:These flags are more than just colorful pieces of cloth and thread sewn together. 這些旗子不只是不同顏色的布料和絲線逢在一起。
(3) not more than 最多,不超過(guò)
例:They finished the project in not more than one year.
在不超過(guò)一年的時(shí)間內(nèi),他們完成了那項(xiàng)工程。
(4) no more than 僅僅
例:The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
那些官員能看到的僅僅是皇帝。
31、形式賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)句型:
(1) 形式賓語(yǔ)代動(dòng)詞不定式
例:I think it necessary to explore the space. 我認(rèn)為探索太空是有必要的。
(2) 形式賓語(yǔ)代從句
例:They found it strange that no one would take the money.
他們感到很奇怪誰(shuí)也不要這一筆錢(qián)。
(3) 過(guò)去分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)表示賓語(yǔ)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作:
例:I had my pen stolen. 我的筆被偷了。
(4) 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)表示賓語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
例:They found her lying in bed reading a novel.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)她躺在床上看小說(shuō)。
(5) 以名詞(間或可用代詞)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
例:In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his
revolutionary work.
1849年他到了英國(guó),并且把倫敦作為他的革命工作的基地。
I think him an honest man.我認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。
(6) 介詞短語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ):如:
例:I can't find him in the office.我在辦公室外沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)他。
(7) What do you find the hardest in... 你覺(jué)得……最大的困難是什么
例句:What do you find the hardest in learning English
你覺(jué)得學(xué)英語(yǔ)最大的困難是什么
32、特殊的條件句:
(1) Suppose/ Supposing ---, 假如……
例:Suppose/Supposing he is absent, what shall we do?
假如他缺席,我們?cè)趺崔k?
(2) On condition that只要……;如果……
例:I'll come on condition that John is invited, too.
如果約翰也被邀請(qǐng),我就來(lái)。
(3) provided (that)/ providing ----- 只要……
I will come provided (that) I am well enough. 只要我身體好,我一定來(lái)。
You may go out providing you do your homework first.
只要你先做作業(yè),你便可以外出。
(4) so/as long as
例:As/So long as you work hard, you'll succeed in the end.
只要你好好干,終究會(huì)成功的。
(5) 祈使句+and + 陳述句(表肯定)
例:Give him an inch and he’ll take a mile.
(= If you give him an inch, he’ll take a mile. ) 他會(huì)得寸進(jìn)尺的。
(6) 祈使句+ or/otherwise +陳述句 (表否定)
例:Start at once, or / otherwise you’ll miss the train.
(= If you don’t start at once, …)
(= Unless you start at once, you’ll miss the train.)
立即動(dòng)身,否則你會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)那班火車(chē)的。
(7) …won't...unless... 除非……否則我不會(huì)…….
例句:I won't write to him unless he writes to me first.
我不會(huì)寫(xiě)信給他的,除非他先寫(xiě)給我.
33、特殊的比較句型:
(1) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)
例:She differs from her sister in the colour of her eyes.
她眼睛的顏色跟她姐姐不同。
(2) ...varies from person to person(……是因人而異的)
例:The opinion of the problem varies from person to person.
對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的看法是因人而異的。
(3) A is superior(inferior) to B. A 優(yōu)越于B
例:The modal is technically superior to its competitors.
這一款式在技術(shù)上優(yōu)越于與之競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的產(chǎn)品。
Some consider digital TV to be superior to satellite TV.
(4) be different from
例:Its meaning can be completely different from the meaning of its components. 它的意思有時(shí)候跟它的合成的意思完全不一樣。
(5) be inferior to
例:Modern music is often considered inferior to that of the past.
現(xiàn)代音樂(lè)常被人認(rèn)為不如過(guò)去的。
(6) A and B have sth in common. A 和B 有共同點(diǎn)。
例:The Japanese and Chinese cultures have a lot in common.
日本與中國(guó)的文化具有許多相同點(diǎn)。
34、必須背誦的There be 句型:
(1) There is no immediate solution to the problem .
對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題沒(méi)有立即的解決的方案。
(2) There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否認(rèn)的...)
例:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad
to worse. 不可否認(rèn)的,我們的生活品質(zhì)已經(jīng)每況愈下。
(3) There is no doubt that... 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),…….
例句:There is no doubt that health is better than wealth.
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),健康勝于財(cái)富.
(4) There's no point in... ……是無(wú)意義的.
例句:There's no point in getting angry when things have happened.
對(duì)已發(fā)生的事生氣是沒(méi)有意義的.
(5) There's no way... ……絕不可能.
例句:There's no way one could succeed without hard work.
一個(gè)人不努力絕不可能成功.
(6) There is no one but ~~~ (沒(méi)有人不...)
例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.
沒(méi)有人不渴望上大學(xué)。
(7)There is no need/use/harm/hurry in doing sth
例:There is no need in spending money mending the broken car.
沒(méi)有必要花錢(qián)去修理那破車(chē)了。
There is no use in regretting when time passed by.
時(shí)間過(guò)去了再后悔就沒(méi)有用了。
There is no harm in using the environmentally friendly products.
用環(huán)保產(chǎn)品是沒(méi)有害處的。
There is no hurry in running to school for time is still enough.
沒(méi)有必要匆匆忙忙上學(xué)校,因?yàn)闀r(shí)間還充足呢。
(8) There no/some difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth
例:There is no trouble in selling our car.
我們毫不費(fèi)力地賣(mài)了我們的車(chē)。
35、time 句型:
(1) the first time 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句
例:I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.
第一次我見(jiàn)到她時(shí),覺(jué)得她很誠(chéng)實(shí)。
(2) (the) next time 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句
例:The harvest will have been got in (the) next time you come.
你下次來(lái)時(shí),莊稼已收好了。
(3) the last time 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句
例:What was the name of the hotel he had stayed in the last time he was
in Cairo? 他上次來(lái)開(kāi)羅時(shí)往的那家旅館叫什么來(lái)著?
(4) each time/every time 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句
例:Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.
每次夜間回來(lái),你總是把你的靴子朝地上一扔。
(5) It is /was the first/last/second /third time +從句(完成時(shí)態(tài))
例:This is the first time I have been here 這是我第一次到這兒。
(6)It is high time that sb did (should do) sth 該……的時(shí)候了。
例句:It is high time that we went to the classroom.
該我們進(jìn)教室的時(shí)候了。
(7) by the time + 從句 就在……時(shí)候;到……時(shí)候?yàn)橹?/p>
例:We'll be ready by the time you get back.
你回來(lái)的時(shí)候,我們將準(zhǔn)備好了。
(8) It's time for sb to do sth
例:It’s time for me to log off. 我該關(guān)機(jī)/下線了。
(9) It's time for sth
例:It's time for lunch. 午餐的時(shí)間到了。
36、幾種重要的表語(yǔ)從句句型:
(1) The point is that ... 重點(diǎn)/關(guān)鍵是…….
例句:The point is that you have to keep your promise to help her with
her English. 關(guān)鍵是你得遵守諾言,幫她學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ).
(2) The chance is that … 有可能……
例:The chance is that he will succeed. 他很有可能成功。
(3) The fact is that … 事實(shí)是……
例:The fact is that he hasn’t yet recover from illness.
事實(shí)是他還沒(méi)有康復(fù)呢。
(4) The problem/question is that … 問(wèn)題是……
例:The question is whether we should ask them for help.
問(wèn)題是我們是否應(yīng)該向他請(qǐng)求幫助。
(5)That is ---
例:That is where Lu Xun used to live. 這是魯迅過(guò)去住過(guò)的地方。
37、幾種重要的倒裝句型:
(1) only 倒裝句
例:Only with hard work can you expect to get a pay rise.
只有靠努力的工作你才能指望提高工資。
Only when he told me about the news did I know the truth.
僅僅當(dāng)他告訴了我這消息我才知道真相。
(2) so 倒裝句
例:So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.
時(shí)間是如此珍貴,我們經(jīng)不起浪費(fèi)它。
(3) such 倒裝句
例:Such was the story he told. 這就是他講的故事。
Such a well-known man is he that everyone wants to take a photo
with him.他是如此出名的人以致于人人都想和他拍照片。
(4)含有否定意義的詞組提前
例:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我們絕對(duì)不能忽略知識(shí)的價(jià)值。
(5)介詞短語(yǔ)提前
例:Outside the classroom stood an old man. 在教室的外面站著一位老人。
(6) 分詞提前
例:Seated on the ground are a group of young men playing cards.
坐在地面上的是一群年輕人在打牌。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
躺在地板上的是一個(gè)17歲的男孩。
(7) not only --- but also 倒裝句
例:Not only was the city polluted but the streets were crowded.
不僅那城市被污染了,街道也很擁擠。
Not only has aspirin saved many people’s lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with. 通過(guò)消熱止痛,阿斯片林不僅拯救了許多人的生命,而且還幫助了許多其它的事情。
38、so/such that句型
(1) so that (引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)結(jié)果……
例:We were late so that the teacher was angry.
我們遲到,使得教師生氣了。
(2) so that = in order that (目的狀語(yǔ)從句)以便,為了
例:I hurried so that I wouldn't be late for class.
為了上課不遲到,我匆忙起來(lái)。
In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him at 6.
為了使他不致遲到,他母親在6點(diǎn)鐘叫醒了他。
(3) so +形容詞+(或a/an+ 名詞)+that 如此……以致于……
例:I've been working so hard recently that I haven't had any time for
collecting new stamps. 我近來(lái)一直很忙,沒(méi)時(shí)間搜集新郵票。
(4) such +名詞(或an/a+形容詞 + 名詞)+--- that
例:It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it
這是一個(gè)異乎尋常的藝術(shù)作品,人人都想看一看。
39、表示“也、同樣”的句型
(1) too 用于肯定
例:I like the book, too. 我也喜歡這本書(shū)。
(2) also 用于陳述句
例:She also speaks a little Italian. 她也會(huì)說(shuō)一點(diǎn)意大利語(yǔ)。
(3) either 用于否定句
例:Peter can't go and I can't either. Peter 不能去,我也不能。
(4) so 用于肯定的倒裝句
例:You speak English well, so does he.
你的英語(yǔ)講得很好,他講得也不錯(cuò)。.
(5) neither/nor 用于否定的倒裝句
例:I have never heard of such a thing, Neither has she.
我從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)這件事,她也沒(méi)有。
Tom didn’t finish his homework. Nor did Jane.
湯姆沒(méi)有完成作業(yè),Jane 也沒(méi)有。
(6) as well 用于句末
例:He knows German as well. 他也懂德語(yǔ)。
(7) so it is/was with = so it is/was the same with 用于包含不同種類(lèi)的動(dòng)詞
例:Jack is a student and studies in China. So it is with Green.
Jack是一個(gè)學(xué)生,在中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí), Green也是如此。
(8) The same is true of……,
例:The music is dull and uninspiring, and the same is true of the acting.
那音樂(lè)單調(diào),缺少激情;那表演也是如此。
(9) The same can be said of…… (……也是如此).
例:The same can be said of our country, also a developing one.
我們的國(guó)家也是如此,一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。
40、幾種重要的同位語(yǔ)從句:
(1) 由where 引導(dǎo)
例:The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be
considered. 那個(gè)我們應(yīng)該在哪兒建造廠房的建議應(yīng)該給予考慮。
(2) 由what引導(dǎo)
例:I have no idea what he did. 我不知道他做了什么。
(3) 由whether 引導(dǎo)
例:The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is not decided.
他是否會(huì)參加會(huì)議這個(gè)問(wèn)題還沒(méi)決定。
(4) 由who引導(dǎo)。
例:The question who will go abroad needs considering.
誰(shuí)將去國(guó)外這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要考慮。
(5) 由when 引導(dǎo)
例:I have no idea when they will be back and settle down.
我不知道他們什么時(shí)候回來(lái)定居。
(6) 由that 引導(dǎo)
例:The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very
good. 學(xué)生應(yīng)該有很多練習(xí),這個(gè)建議不錯(cuò)。
(7) 由how 引導(dǎo)
例:He can’t answer the question how he got the money.
他是怎樣得到那錢(qián)的,他不能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
(8) 由why 引導(dǎo)
例: We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.
我搞不懂這個(gè)問(wèn)題,為什么這是最好的選擇。
41、whether 句型:
(1) It doesn't matter whether 是否……并沒(méi)有關(guān)系
例:It doesn’t matter whether it is fine or not.
天氣是否不錯(cuò)并有關(guān)系。
(2) It makes no difference whether 是否……沒(méi)關(guān)系
例:It makes no difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
你是今天去還是明天去沒(méi)多大區(qū)別。
(3) It is not made clear whether 是否……還不清楚
例:It is not made clear whether Lily will pass the exam.
還不清楚Lily是否會(huì)通過(guò)那場(chǎng)考試。
(4) It is still a question whether 是否……仍然是一個(gè)問(wèn)題
例:It is still a question whether they are able to get enough coal this winter.
今年冬天他們是否能夠得到足夠的煤還是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
(5) It is not decided whether 是否……還沒(méi)決定
例:It is not decided whether the sports meeting will be put off.
運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)是否會(huì)被推遲還沒(méi)決定。
(6} It is to be found out whether 是否……有待于發(fā)現(xiàn)
例:It is to be found out whether there is other oil resources underground.
地下是否有石油資源還有待于發(fā)現(xiàn)。
(7) It is to be decided whether 是否……有待于決定
例:It is to be decided whether this idea can be put into practice.
這個(gè)想法是否能夠?qū)嵤┻有待于決定。
(8) I doubt/wonder whether 我懷疑是否……
例:I doubt whether the new one will be any better.
我懷疑這個(gè)新的是否會(huì)好一點(diǎn)。
(9) have no idea/don't know whether 不知道是否……
例:I have no idea whether the traffic is terrible on that way.
我不知道那條路上的交通是否很糟。
(10) It depends on whether... 這取決于……是否…….
例句:It depends on whether you are determined to do it or not.
這取決于你是否決心要做這件事情.
42、with復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)句型
(1) with + n + adj.
例:He stared at me with his mouth open. 他張著嘴凝視著我。
(2) with + n + adv
例:The boy stood there, with his head down. 這男孩低著頭站在那。
(3) with + n + 介詞短語(yǔ)
例:He stood with his hand in his pocket. 他站著,一手插在衣袋里。
(4) with + n + 動(dòng)詞不定式
例:With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.
由于沒(méi)有可談話的人,John覺(jué)得很悲傷。
(5) with + n + 現(xiàn)在分詞
例:With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.
由于物價(jià)迅猛上漲,我們買(mǎi)不起高當(dāng)商品。
(6) with + n + 過(guò)去分詞
例:With her eyes fixed on the opposite wall, she did not answer
immediately. 她的眼睛盯著對(duì)面的墻壁,她沒(méi)有立即回答。
43、have 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)句型:
(1) have sb do sth
例:I won't have you say such things. 我絕不會(huì)讓你說(shuō)這樣的話。
(2) have sb doing
例:She will have you doing all the housework if you are're not carefully.
如果你再不小心的話,她就讓你做全部家務(wù)。
(3) have sth done
例:I have my hair cut every six weeks. 我每六個(gè)星期剪一次頭。
44、幾個(gè)重要的目的狀語(yǔ)從句句型:
(1) in case
例:He left early in case he should miss the last train.
他動(dòng)身得早,以免誤了最后一班火車(chē)。
(2) for fear (that)
例:He handled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be
damaged. 他小心翼翼地?cái)[弄那儀器,以防把它弄壞。
(3) so that
例:Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.
讓我們坐到前面的座位上,以便能看得更清楚些。
(4) in order that
例:He got up very early so that/in order that he might/could catch the
early bus. 為了趕上早班車(chē),他起了個(gè)大早。
45、幾個(gè)難掌握的主語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句
(1) You may take whatever(=anything/everything that)you like.
你喜歡什么就拿什么。
(2) You may take whichever(=any) seat you like.
你想坐哪個(gè)位置就坐哪個(gè)位置。
(3) Whoever(=Anyone who) cuts the trees down must be punished.
任何一個(gè)砍樹(shù)的人都必須受到懲罰。
(4) You may give the note to whomever(=anyone whom) you meet at the
office.
你可以把條子給你在辦公室看到的任何一個(gè)人。
46、使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)的常用句型:
(1) since句型:主句用完成時(shí)
例:My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
從1949年,我嬸嬸就一直在一家診所工作。
(2) since when +完成時(shí)
例:Since when have you planted so many young trees?
從什么時(shí)候你種植了這么多小樹(shù)的?
(3) This/it is the first (third...) time sb have done sth
例:This is the first time I have been here.這是我第一次到這兒。
(4) by…(到……為止)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候?yàn)橹褂眠^(guò)去完成時(shí),到現(xiàn)在為止
用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)候?yàn)橹褂脤?lái)完成時(shí)。
例:She will have finished the book by my next birthday.
到我下一個(gè)生日為止,我將完成那本書(shū)。
By eleven o'clock yesterday, we had arrived at the airport.
到昨天十一點(diǎn)止我們就已經(jīng)到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)了。
但比較:By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners were seated.
就在主講者進(jìn)入大廳的時(shí)候,所有的聽(tīng)眾都坐好了。
(5) in the past time( two days/years...) +完成時(shí)
例:In the past 10 years, there have been great changes in our family life.
在過(guò)去的十年里,我們的家庭生活發(fā)生了很大的變化。
(6) hardly ... when.... (no sooner ... than)句型用過(guò)去完成時(shí)
例:Hardly had I reached the school when the bell rang.
我一到學(xué)校,鈴子就響了。
No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.
我們剛坐到桌子旁邊電話就響了。
(7) 未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望打算等等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)
例:I had thought I could pass the final examination but I failed.
47、幾種特殊的狀語(yǔ)從句句型:
(1) everywhere 引導(dǎo)
例:Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed.
他們每到一處就收到熱烈的歡迎。
(2) anywhere 引導(dǎo)
例:We’ll go anywhere the Party directs us.黨指向哪我們就去哪。
(3) the way 引導(dǎo)
例:She is doing her work the way I like it done.
她在用她喜歡的方法做她的工作。
(4) like 引導(dǎo)
例:The landlord was watching him like (= just as) a cat watches a mouse.
那地主監(jiān)視著他就像貓監(jiān)視老鼠一樣。
(5) immediately引導(dǎo)
例:I didn’t wait a moment, but came immediately you called.
我一刻也沒(méi)停留,你一打電話我就來(lái)的。
48、有關(guān)it的幾個(gè)特殊句型 :
(1) owe it to sb. that…把…歸功于…
例:I owe it to you that I finished my work in time.
虧你幫忙,我才及時(shí)完成了工作。
(2) take it for granted that …想當(dāng)然
例:I take it for granted that they will support this idea.
我認(rèn)為他們會(huì)支持這個(gè)提議是理所當(dāng)然的。
(3) keep it in mind that…
例:It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work.
一定要記住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。
(4) It can be seen from the statistics that ...從這個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)可看出……
例句:It can be seen from the statistics that exercise is good for us.
從這個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)可以看出,練習(xí)對(duì)我們是有好處的。
(5). It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞后面,尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后,
enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like,
see to, appreciate, stand 賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后
例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.
我妒嫉你游泳那么好,而我不能。
I would appreciate it if you call me back this evening.
如果你晚上給我回電話,我會(huì)非常感激.
I can't stand it when people talk with their mouth full.
我無(wú)法忍受別人說(shuō)話的時(shí)候滿嘴食物.
(6). It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的介詞后面,賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后
(except that例外)
例:I'm for it that you will follow their advice.
我贊成你采納他們的意見(jiàn)。
(7) It must be pointed out that 必須指出的是
例句:It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to
control population growth while raising the quality of the population.
一定要指出的是國(guó)家基本政策之一是在提高人口質(zhì)量的同時(shí)控制
人口增長(zhǎng)。
(8) It has been proved that… 有人已經(jīng)證實(shí)……
例:It has been proved that his theory is right.
已經(jīng)證明,他的理論是對(duì)的。
49、列舉、說(shuō)明句型:
(1) on the one hand --- ; on the other hand
(2) For one thing ---; for another thing ---
例:For one thing, these shoes don't suit you. For another, they are too
expensive. 一方面,這雙鞋子并不適合你;另一方面,這太貴了.
(3) It is one thing to...; it is another to...
做這件事是一回事;做那件事是另一回事
(4) what's more ---; morever ---; furthermore ---
(5) Firstly ---; secondly ---; finally ---
(6) In the first place ---; in the second place ---
(7)First of all/to begin with ---; in addition/besides ---
50、總結(jié)句型:
(1) Through the above analysis(分析)
例:Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative ones.
通過(guò)以上分析,我認(rèn)為積極因素大于消極因素。
(2) To sum up,總而言之, …
例:To sum up, there are three ways of solving the problems.
決而言之,解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法有三條。
(3) In short... 總之……
例:In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet.
總之,學(xué)生們還沒(méi)有達(dá)成一致的意見(jiàn)。
(4) In a word , it is clear that… 總之,很明顯……
例:In a word, it is clear that smoking does harm to our health.
總之,很明顯,抽煙對(duì)我們健康有害。
(5) On account of this we can find that … 由此我們可以知道…
例:On account of this we can find that it is not suitable for middle school students to have cell phones.
由此我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)中學(xué)生持有手機(jī)是不合適的。
(6) In conclusion … 結(jié)論之, …
例:In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants’ lives.
結(jié)論之,我們必須理性地考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題,對(duì)農(nóng)民的生活應(yīng)給予更多的重視。
(7) All in all, it is obvious that …..總之,很明顯……
例:All in all, it is obvious that the government should set up different kinds of schools to meet the demands of different children.
總之,很明顯,政府應(yīng)該建立多種不同的學(xué)校去滿足不同孩子的需要。
(8) From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these
factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion
that ...
從以上所討論的東西來(lái)看/考慮到所有這些因素,我們完全可以得出這樣
的結(jié)論……
例:From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.
從以上所討論的東西來(lái)看/考慮到所有這些因素,我們完全可以得出這樣的結(jié)論,隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的進(jìn)步,閑暇的生活方式正在減少,這未必是一件壞事。
【總結(jié)】2013年已經(jīng)到來(lái),高中寒假告示以及新的工作也在籌備,小編在此特意收集了寒假有關(guān)的文章供讀者閱讀。
更多頻道:
淺談高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中學(xué)生創(chuàng)造思維的培養(yǎng)
摘要:本文受陶行知先生“處處是創(chuàng)造之地,天天是創(chuàng)造之時(shí),人人是創(chuàng)造之人”的啟發(fā),試圖從營(yíng)造創(chuàng)新環(huán)境、放飛學(xué)生心靈、變革材料內(nèi)容、改變?cè)u(píng)價(jià)觀念、開(kāi)展課外活動(dòng)等方面入手,談新課改實(shí)踐中學(xué)生創(chuàng)造思維的培養(yǎng)途徑。
關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)創(chuàng)造思維培養(yǎng)
推進(jìn)新課程,實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育,應(yīng)以學(xué)生的發(fā)展為宗旨,以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新思維能力實(shí)踐為重點(diǎn)。以提高學(xué)生的整體素質(zhì),著重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言為目的。而教學(xué)活動(dòng)的所有形式都與學(xué)生的智力發(fā)展,首先是與創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)展聯(lián)系在一起。教師不再是單一的知識(shí)的傳播者、發(fā)號(hào)施令的權(quán)威,而是共同學(xué)習(xí)的參與者和幫助者;是教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)者、指導(dǎo)者,學(xué)生心靈的探索者;更重要的是學(xué)生創(chuàng)造能力的開(kāi)發(fā)者。學(xué)生成為學(xué)習(xí)的主體,學(xué)生不再是外部刺激的被動(dòng)接受者和知識(shí)灌輸?shù)膶?duì)象,而是成為信息加工的主體,意義的構(gòu)造者。那么,在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中如何實(shí)施創(chuàng)新教育,開(kāi)創(chuàng)新局面呢?下面是筆者的探索與思考。
一、營(yíng)造創(chuàng)新環(huán)境,激發(fā)創(chuàng)新欲望。
從心理學(xué)的角度,羅杰斯提出,有利于創(chuàng)造性思維的一般條件是心理安全和心理自由。從本質(zhì)上講,創(chuàng)造性思維必定是異樣的,當(dāng)學(xué)生在心理上感到安全時(shí),他就不會(huì)害怕表現(xiàn),他可以在進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維時(shí)無(wú)須處于保守狀態(tài),從而保持“心理的自由”,充分表現(xiàn)而無(wú)須拘束。
在注重營(yíng)造創(chuàng)新環(huán)境方面,羅伯特·麥瑞克(Robert Myrick)則認(rèn)為,教學(xué)中有利于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的因素有以下六種:關(guān)懷、理解、認(rèn)同、尊重、友情和信任(Lynda Fielstein & Patrica Phelps, 2001)。
按照新課程對(duì)教師角色的要求,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助學(xué)生制定適當(dāng)?shù)膶W(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),并確認(rèn)和協(xié)調(diào)達(dá)到目標(biāo)的最佳途徑,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生形成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,掌握學(xué)習(xí)策略。創(chuàng)造豐富的教學(xué)環(huán)境,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)。以平等的心態(tài)面對(duì)學(xué)生,以豁達(dá)、開(kāi)朗、睿智、幽默去接受學(xué)生、感染學(xué)生。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,為學(xué)生提供多種便利,為學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)服務(wù),努力建立一個(gè)接納性的、寬容性的課堂氣氛。
輕松、愉快、民主、和諧的學(xué)習(xí)氣氛和環(huán)境對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)者的精神面貌、學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)、自我形象會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。而積極、肯定的情緒會(huì)使學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性、創(chuàng)造性得到發(fā)展,學(xué)生的思維會(huì)更活躍。因此,在教學(xué)中,教師要努力培養(yǎng)自身的心理素質(zhì),把真摯的愛(ài)用親切、鼓勵(lì)、信任、尊重的情感信息傳遞給學(xué)生,使學(xué)生體會(huì)到師生共同享有一片陽(yáng)光的平等。使學(xué)生在積極參與教學(xué)活動(dòng)中感受到自己是學(xué)習(xí)的主人。尤其要鼓勵(lì)那些具有差異性、發(fā)展性的學(xué)生,使人人處在創(chuàng)造性思維的火花之中。
二、放飛學(xué)生心靈,培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新思維。
創(chuàng)造性思維是以解決學(xué)習(xí)中所提出的疑難問(wèn)題為前提,用獨(dú)特新穎的思維方式,創(chuàng)造出新觀點(diǎn)、新知識(shí)、新方法等心理過(guò)程。在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維,必須改變單一發(fā)展學(xué)生聚合思維的做法,突破思維定勢(shì)的束縛,以發(fā)散思維為切入點(diǎn)和突破口,喚醒學(xué)生的問(wèn)題意識(shí),激勵(lì)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新思維。
1. 教師巧設(shè)問(wèn)題。在閱讀教學(xué)中,筆者常常對(duì)材料的主旨大意、作者的意圖與態(tài)度、人物的性格、文中暗含的意義等巧設(shè)問(wèn)題,以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生通過(guò)已有知識(shí)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造思維。如:在“Modern Architecture”過(guò)程中,筆者穿插提問(wèn):
① What are the difference between ancient architecture and modern architecture?
、 Why can we regard Antonio Gaudi as a modern architect?
、 If you were free to design your own dream house,what would that house look like?
2. 學(xué)生巧提問(wèn)題。教師借助課文內(nèi)容,把提問(wèn)的權(quán)力交給學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生展示其創(chuàng)造性思維能力的機(jī)會(huì)。如有的課文學(xué)了以后,讓學(xué)生就課文內(nèi)容互提互答問(wèn)題,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生提思考性強(qiáng)、富有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的問(wèn)題。如:在學(xué)習(xí)了 “Making a difference”一文后,學(xué)生提了許多問(wèn)題,現(xiàn)摘錄如下:
、 Who is greater,Galileo or Zhang Heng?
② How did the discoveries of Galileo and Zhang Heng help us better understand the world?
、 What can we learn from the scientists?
、 If you were a scientist several hundred years ago,what would you do?
三、變革教材內(nèi)容,運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造思維。
變革教材內(nèi)容就是從給定的情境遷移到新的情境中,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題的理解從課文中跳出來(lái),在時(shí)間和空間上作出拓展性的延伸,注重聯(lián)系實(shí)際來(lái)談?wù)J識(shí)、說(shuō)看法。如:學(xué)習(xí)了“Saving the earth”一文后,讓學(xué)生結(jié)合我國(guó)長(zhǎng)江、黃河流域的情況以及周邊地區(qū)空氣污染、水污染和噪聲污染的情況,拿出自認(rèn)為切實(shí)可行的改善環(huán)境的措施,使學(xué)生運(yùn)用聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)的分析問(wèn)題的能力逐步提高。又如:在學(xué)了“No smoking,please!”一文后,要求學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)的smoking 各方面危害的知識(shí),給老師、父親或親朋好友寫(xiě)一封勸說(shuō)戒煙的信。
四、改變?cè)u(píng)價(jià)觀念,發(fā)展創(chuàng)新個(gè)性。
創(chuàng)新教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)評(píng)價(jià)要具賞識(shí)性、激勵(lì)性,要著眼于學(xué)生的成長(zhǎng)與發(fā)展,對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程和結(jié)果給予更多的肯定、贊賞、表?yè)P(yáng)與鼓勵(lì)。樹(shù)立激勵(lì)性評(píng)價(jià)的觀念,能使教師對(duì)學(xué)生恰如其分地進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),創(chuàng)造出一種善意的環(huán)境,使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生熱情向上的信心,從內(nèi)心產(chǎn)生對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的愉快的情感體驗(yàn),如:在討論式教學(xué)和開(kāi)放性的作文評(píng)價(jià)中,我善于理解學(xué)生在討論和作文中的思想和行為,捕捉其中的閃光點(diǎn),欣賞他們的個(gè)性,鼓勵(lì)他們發(fā)表新穎、獨(dú)到的見(jiàn)解,為學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新個(gè)性的養(yǎng)成提供廣闊空間。
五、開(kāi)展課外活動(dòng),提高創(chuàng)新活力。
英語(yǔ)教學(xué),亟待打開(kāi)教室的大門(mén),縮小課堂與生活的距離,讓“源頭活水”流進(jìn)課堂。實(shí)踐中筆者從以下幾方面進(jìn)行了嘗試:
1. 演短劇。在學(xué)習(xí)了 “The Merchant of Venice”后,讓學(xué)生自導(dǎo)、自演短劇。幾人一組,寒暑假期間,讓學(xué)生自找搭檔、自編、自導(dǎo)、自演短劇,開(kāi)學(xué)后進(jìn)行匯報(bào)演出。通過(guò)短劇表演,學(xué)生體會(huì)了人物的性格和命運(yùn),培養(yǎng)了對(duì)文學(xué)藝術(shù)的審美能力和鑒賞能力,發(fā)展了自己的想象力和創(chuàng)造力。
2. 搞辯論。智慧只有在和智慧的碰撞中才會(huì)發(fā)出動(dòng)人的火花,創(chuàng)造性思維也是如此。因此當(dāng)一批富有個(gè)性的學(xué)生走到一起的時(shí)候,由于每個(gè)學(xué)生的起點(diǎn)不同,觀察的角度不同,進(jìn)行研究的方法不同,以及分析問(wèn)題的水平不同,就必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的,甚至對(duì)立的看法。因此每個(gè)學(xué)生個(gè)體間的切磋辯論使每個(gè)學(xué)生的大腦處于高度興奮狀態(tài)之中,每個(gè)參與者都能充分表達(dá)自己的意見(jiàn),他們可以從各個(gè)方面、各個(gè)角度進(jìn)行思路接觸,每個(gè)學(xué)生個(gè)體都受到其他學(xué)生提到意見(jiàn)信息的刺激與啟發(fā),有利于激勵(lì)創(chuàng)造性的設(shè)想,從而達(dá)到鍛煉創(chuàng)造性思維的目標(biāo)。為此,筆者經(jīng)常組織學(xué)生舉行辯論賽。如在學(xué)了“A new car factory”一文后,筆者出了這樣一個(gè)辯題:Is it 高中物理 good or bad to build such a new car factory? Give your reasons. 又如學(xué)了“The secret is out!”后,把男女生分成正、反兩方,對(duì)辯題 “Boy students study better than girl students”進(jìn)行辯論,以此打開(kāi)學(xué)生的話匣子,引導(dǎo)他們放言高論,暢所欲言,讓學(xué)生說(shuō)自己想說(shuō)的話。
3. 搞調(diào)查。研究性學(xué)習(xí)是新課改倡導(dǎo)的學(xué)習(xí)方式。教材中涉及環(huán)境教育的題材很多。學(xué)習(xí)這方面的課文后,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生結(jié)合課文內(nèi)容,調(diào)查周?chē)h(huán)境污染的狀況。自選角度、自擬題目,寫(xiě)出調(diào)查報(bào)告,提出自己的見(jiàn)解和構(gòu)想。開(kāi)展“我與自然”英語(yǔ)征文比賽。目的是放開(kāi)學(xué)生的手腳,引導(dǎo)他們到生活的廣闊天地去尋找“源頭活水”,積累生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、豐富情感、擴(kuò)大視野、增長(zhǎng)見(jiàn)識(shí)、開(kāi)闊襟懷、引發(fā)想象。
4. 編故事。編故事是有利于開(kāi)發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維的活動(dòng)。學(xué)完一個(gè)單元后老師給出常用的詞和詞組,讓學(xué)生用這些詞和詞組編一個(gè)故事,啟開(kāi)發(fā)學(xué)生心扉。中學(xué)生是一群生龍活虎、情感豐富的人,他們懂得觀察當(dāng)今豐富多彩的生活,因此其故事也是豐富多彩的。
除此之外,還開(kāi)展編報(bào)紙、續(xù)故事、辦晚會(huì)等課外實(shí)踐活動(dòng),引發(fā)學(xué)生豐富的聯(lián)想和想象,使創(chuàng)新充滿活力。
一代教育大師陶行知先生說(shuō)得好:“處處是創(chuàng)造之地,天天是創(chuàng)造之時(shí),人人是創(chuàng)造之人!敝灰覀兘處熒朴谔剿、重在引導(dǎo)、貴在開(kāi)竅,學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性思維的火花一定會(huì)熠熠發(fā)光。
參考文獻(xiàn):
1. 中華人民共和國(guó)教育部制訂,英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn)稿),北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2001 年;
2. Lynda fielstein & Patricia Phelps, 王建平等譯,Introduction to Teaching: Rewards and Realities. 中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社,2002 年。
學(xué)習(xí)高中英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的十大誤區(qū)
1、語(yǔ)法當(dāng)先
說(shuō)話、寫(xiě)作之前先想語(yǔ)法,惟恐語(yǔ)法有錯(cuò),此為學(xué)校課堂死板的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)給學(xué)生留下的最嚴(yán)重的后遺癥之一。
2、心理恐懼
聽(tīng)不懂更不敢說(shuō)話,讀不快也不敢寫(xiě),惟恐語(yǔ)法有錯(cuò)導(dǎo)致心理上的畏懼,認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)是高深莫測(cè)的學(xué)問(wèn),認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)老師的思維方式才是惟一正確的思路,培養(yǎng)了許多考試高分,而真正運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)低能的畸形學(xué)生。
3、學(xué)無(wú)致用
學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)不是為了運(yùn)用和表達(dá),而是為了考試和過(guò)關(guān),于是動(dòng)機(jī)走偏結(jié)果是學(xué)得越多,丟得越多;沒(méi)有把英語(yǔ)變成自己表達(dá)自己,與人交流的真正工具,事倍功半,浪費(fèi)自己的時(shí)間和金錢(qián)。
4、落后陳舊
學(xué)了不少古董英語(yǔ)。任何語(yǔ)言都是“活”的語(yǔ)言,在每天發(fā)展新的詞匯/意向/用法等,在不斷豐富,不斷進(jìn)步,從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō),學(xué)習(xí)陳舊的語(yǔ)言毫無(wú)新鮮感不說(shuō),基本無(wú)處可用。
5、急用亂醫(yī)
不少人在急用英語(yǔ)的情形下,只好囫圇吞棗,有病亂投醫(yī),不管學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)方法是否適合自己,先上著再說(shuō),選擇缺乏理性分析與思考,效果也就可見(jiàn)能有多好?
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