GRE閱讀難句語法結(jié)構(gòu)解析
閱讀部分是GRE考試的一個難點,考生要多注意一些難句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。下面就讓百分網(wǎng)小編給大家分享GRE閱讀中難句的具體語法結(jié)構(gòu)吧,希望能對你有幫助!
GRE閱讀難句語法結(jié)構(gòu)
GRE閱讀語法之否定句結(jié)構(gòu)
英語的否定句的否定范圍具有不同的情況,也就具有不同的語義,所以在遇到否定句時,一定要分清其否定的范圍,找準否定的對象。例如,The ambassador did not leave London to take up an appointment in Africa.可以翻譯為:1)大使沒有離開倫敦到非洲去就職。2)大使不是為了到非洲就職而離開了倫敦的。發(fā)生這種情況時,只能根據(jù)上下文才能得出正確 的理解,排除歧義。
此外從語法來看,not與動詞謂語連用時,是否定謂語動詞的,no與名詞連用時,是否定名詞的。但從否定重心來看有時卻并非如此。 如,Don’t give up because it is difficult.只能理解為:不要因為困難就放棄。此外,不定代詞中的every, all, both以及副詞always, quite,與否定詞結(jié)合時,不是全部否定,而是部分否定,不是“全不是”而是“不全是”。這些都是必須要注意的問題。
But we can hardly guess what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them, who take the brotherhood of man for granted, not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life, and yet know that this brotherhood was only achieved by ghastly struggles.
句子解析:hardly表示不完全的否定,what引導(dǎo)的是guess的賓語從句,而who引導(dǎo)的是them的定語從 句,not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life這里用到了not…but…不是…而是…的結(jié)構(gòu),yet表示輕微的轉(zhuǎn)折,在know后的that引導(dǎo)的是其賓語從句。
句子翻譯:但對曾有過幾代共產(chǎn)主義思想的人們來說,將來的世界看上去將是什么樣子,人們還很難作出推測。現(xiàn)在人們總是把他們之間的手足之情看作是理所當然的事,認為生活本身就是這樣,而不是當作理想的目標來看待。然而他們知道這種手足之情只有通過巨大的努力才能得到。
綜上所述,想成功的突破GRE閱讀難句,我們需要扎實的語法知識,了解gre邏輯閱讀作者表達的思路。
GRE閱讀文章的分類
GRE閱讀理解文章的三要素:主題詞、作者態(tài)度、理論的缺點或者作者的結(jié)論。
GRE考試閱讀文章大致可以分為如下幾類,閱讀過程中重要掌握的是整體文章要表達的觀點,對于細節(jié)題目要注意回到原文定位,重點把握整體邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。下面是對于文章結(jié)構(gòu)把握和關(guān)鍵詞的一些要點:
現(xiàn)象解釋型:文章開頭提出一個現(xiàn)象,后面的內(nèi)容都圍繞這個現(xiàn)象進行解釋。
重點:主題把握。作者對于這個現(xiàn)象給出的正負評價,別人對現(xiàn)象的評價,作者對現(xiàn)象的評價和作者最后是否給出了支持與否的態(tài)度。正負評價要從一些關(guān)鍵詞蘊涵的傾向性上來判斷。
現(xiàn)象的把握。這個現(xiàn)象講的到底是什么。
理論的處理。用什么樣的例證和結(jié)構(gòu)闡述了這個現(xiàn)象。
問題解答型:文章提出了某種費解的問題,然后后面列舉一系列的研究對此問題進行解決,有可能各個研究之間得出相同或者相悖的結(jié)論,最終可能對問題提出了解決方法也可能沒有任何結(jié)論。作者在此過程中會對各個研究給予一定的評價。
重點:文章主題。包括1問題本身2作者綜合各個研究給出的解答。
理論和解決方法的.把握。各個理論的主旨,都提出了什么解決方法。其中關(guān)鍵詞,作者的態(tài)度要注意。
態(tài)度?赡苡1否定態(tài)度2肯定某個研究或者整體研究的態(tài)度3對所有研究解答都沒有給出態(tài)度。4未給出評價卻明顯指出了解決問題的方法。
l新老代替型:文章開始的時候提出一個理論,然后后面又提出一個新的理論。典型的特點是,1老的觀點一般都是人們普遍認為正確的,被人們廣泛接受的觀點,2首句是完成時或者過去時引導(dǎo):had
done,did,有traditionally、long been known
等3新老理論針對相同對象給出不同解釋,并且能夠把新觀點的論述過程獨立出來看成一個問題解答型或者論點說明型文章。
重點:作者態(tài)度。作者對于新觀點一般持支持態(tài)度,但也不排除有例外。
理論把握。針對的對象是什么,新老理論對于對象的論述有什么不同,也就實說新理論的不同之處就是作者支持的原因。
論點說明型:文章開始就提出一個論點,而不是現(xiàn)象,也就是會出現(xiàn)判斷句:什么是什么,或者什么是因為什么原因引起的。特點:1有be動詞或者remain這類系動詞引導(dǎo)的判斷句出現(xiàn)在第一段某處。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
重點:態(tài)度把握。對于任何一個表示主要態(tài)度的句子做到“從前不從后”,也就是說速讀的時候關(guān)鍵點放在后面的態(tài)度上,不管前面出現(xiàn)什么樣的態(tài)度詞,后面的態(tài)度才是作者的主要態(tài)度。
主題句。以主題詞(也就是可以用來命名理論的代表性詞)出現(xiàn)的句子作為文章的主題句。
結(jié)構(gòu)。文章一般以總—分方式進行論述。要注意總論點和分論點之間的關(guān)聯(lián),各個分論點可能是從多個方面來論述支持總論點的,或者干脆就是把總論點提到的各個方面進行一番論述。
技巧。文章每段第一句話是重點,一定要讀懂,后面的細節(jié)內(nèi)容可以在遇到問題的時候再回原文找。重點是把握每個段落都在講什么,以便回頭找的時候方便迅速。
GRE閱讀練習(xí)題及答案
Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain‘s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object‘s features. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (151 words)
12. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining how the brain receives images
(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition
(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial-recognition hypothesis
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity
For the following question consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
13. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?
A A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.
B An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
C The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.
答案:
1 Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories.
視覺識別包括儲存和取回記憶。
2 Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain‘s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object.
眼睛激發(fā)的神經(jīng)活動,在大腦的記憶系統(tǒng)中形成一幅圖像,由被觀察對象在腦內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)的畫面組成。
3 When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized.
當對象再次出現(xiàn)在視野,與腦內(nèi)畫面吻合,就會被辨識。
4 Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one.
現(xiàn)在爭論的焦點是,識別過程到底是并行的,一步完成的還是串行的,分多步完成的。
5 Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.
G學(xué)校的心理學(xué)家堅稱,對象是被作為一個整體識別的,過程是并行的:腦內(nèi)圖像與視網(wǎng)膜圖像的匹配,是一步到位的。
6 Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object‘s features.
其他心理學(xué)家則認為,腦內(nèi)圖像特征與觀察對象特征的匹配,是逐步完成的。
7 Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (151 words)
即便有些實驗顯示,隨著觀察對象越來越熟悉,它的腦內(nèi)圖像越來越整體化,而識別過程也相應(yīng)變得越來越同時完成,但大量證據(jù)似乎支持串行假設(shè),至少對于那些明顯不簡單不熟悉的對象是這樣。
(holistic 整體論的(holism),強調(diào)整體的重要性而不可分割的,強調(diào)整體分析而忽略部分分析的)
12. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining how the brain receives images
(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition
(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial-recognition hypothesis
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity
選 D
A 大腦如何接受圖像,沒在解釋這個。
B 的確綜合了兩種假設(shè),但前面還有其他內(nèi)容,B 項忽略了句 1、2、3。
C 只有句 7 的一部分而已。
D 討論了視覺識別過程,以及解釋這個過程的兩種假設(shè)。
E 只是在瞎聊。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
13. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?
□A A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.
□B An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
□C The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.
選 BC
A 無法判斷是否完全一樣,G 校學(xué)者只是認為這個過程是一蹴而就的,完全有理由懷疑 G 學(xué)者們并不排斥,“ image和presentation的一部分吻合就已經(jīng)完成了recognition,仍然是 one step procedure ” 的看法。
B 符合句 5 描述的推測。
C 符合句 5 描述的推測。
句 5:
Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.
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